Concepts and definitions according to f.k.

1. Adaptive physical education– this is a type (area) of physical culture of a person with health problems, including a disabled person, and society.

2. Autogenic training– this is self-regulation of the mental state, aimed at relaxing all muscles, relieving nervous tension, calming and normalizing body functions using special self-hypnosis formulas.

3. Adaptation- adaptation of the body, its functional systems, organs and tissues to the conditions of existence.

4. Avitaminosis– a specific metabolic disorder caused by a long-term absence (deficiency) of any vitamin in the body

5. Anabolic steroids– chemicals that stimulate protein synthesis in body tissues and increase muscle mass, accelerating the body’s recovery.

6. Aerobic metabolism– the process of breakdown and oxidation of nutrients with the participation of oxygen.

7. Movement amplitude- the range of movements of individual parts of the body in relation to each other or the whole body in relation to the projectile.

8. Athletic gymnastics(bodybuilding) is a system of physical exercises with weights aimed at comprehensive strength training and improving the physique through muscle development.

9. Aerobics– a system of cyclic exercises that require endurance and help improve the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

10. Acrobatics- a system of physical exercises associated with performing body rotations in different planes with and without support and maintaining balance by one athlete, together or in groups.

11. Run- this is a method of accelerated movement in which single-support and flight phases alternate, i.e., supporting one foot on the ground alternates with the flight phase (with the unsupported phase).

12. Block- a technical defensive technique in volleyball, with the help of which the path to the ball flying after the opponent’s attack is blocked.

13. Biorhythms– cyclical changes in biological processes occurring in the body, independent of external conditions.

14. Vitamins– these are biologically active organic compounds necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

15. Vis- the position of the student on the apparatus, in which his shoulders are below the grip points.

16. Recovery- a state of the body that occurs during work and is especially activated after its completion and consists of a gradual transition of altered functions to the original state, usually through a phase of supercompensation.

17. Working in– a state that occurs during the initial period of work, during which a transition of body functions and exchange in – in from the level of rest to the level necessary to perform this work occurs.

18. Lunge– position with the supporting leg extended and bent, the other leg straight, the torso vertical.

19. Kind of sport is a type of activity that is the subject of competition and has historically taken shape as a way of identifying and comparing human capabilities.

20. Hypokinesia- insufficient motor activity of the body.

21. Physical inactivity- a set of negative morpho-functional changes in the body due to insufficient motor activity (atrophic changes in muscles, demineralization of bones, etc.).

22. Hypervitaminosis– occurs when there is an excess intake of vitamins.

23. Hypovitaminosis– lack of vitamins in the body.

24. Hypoxia- oxygen starvation, which occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air or in the blood.

25.Grouping- the position of the student in which the legs are bent at the knees, the arms are pulled to the chest and the hands are grasping the knees.

26. Breath- a complex of physiological processes that ensure the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by a living organism.

27. Motor experience- the volume of motor actions mastered by a person and the methods of their implementation.

28. Discipline- conscious subordination of one’s behavior to social rules.

29. Motor actions- this is a movement (movement of the body and its links) performed for a specific purpose.

30. Physical activity– this is the number of movements performed over a period of time (day, week, month, year

31. Doping– these are prohibited pharmacological drugs and procedures used to stimulate physical and mental performance and thereby achieve high sports results.

32. Dolphin- a method of sports swimming that arises as a type of breaststroke.

33. vital capacity(vital capacity) - the maximum amount of air that a person is able to exhale after a maximum inhalation.

34. Z healthy lifestyle- the process of a person’s compliance with certain norms, rules and restrictions in everyday life that contribute to the preservation of health, optimal adaptation of the body to environmental conditions, and a high level of performance in educational and professional activities. (this is a way of human life aimed at preserving and improving people’s health).

35. Hardening– is an increase in the body’s resistance to the influence of external factors using the natural forces of nature.

36. Immunity– the body’s immunity to infectious diseases.

37. Individual- a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity, capable of self-knowledge and self-development..

38. Somersault- rotational movement through the head with sequential contact with the supporting surface by individual parts of the body

39. Circular method organizing the activities of students, providing for the sequential implementation of a series of tasks, dosed individually on the basis of the maximum test.

40. Amateur sports– a multilateral mass sports movement in the general system of physical education of citizens, which gives the opportunity to improve their sports skills and achieve the highest results in various sports.

41. Personality– a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity, with a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of society or community.

42. Pulmonary ventilation- the volume of air that passes through the lungs in a minute.

43. Massage– an effective means of restoring and increasing the body’s performance, improving its functional qualities.

44. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2)- The greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume in a minute during extremely hard work.

45. Mass sports- part of physical culture, which is a mass sports movement that promotes the development of physical culture among the population in order to attract people to physical exercise and identify talented athletes in various sports.

46. Motor density of the lesson– this is the time spent only doing exercises.

47. Methodological principles of physical education understand the fundamental methodological laws of the pedagogical process, expressing the basic requirements for the construction, content and organization of the educational and training process.

48. Methods of physical education- a way to achieve a goal, a certain way of ordering activities. The main methods are conventionally divided into three groups: verbal, visual and practical.

49. Methodology– a system of means and methods aimed at achieving certain results.

50. Muscles are antagonists- muscles that act simultaneously (or alternately) in two opposite directions.

51. Muscles– synergists - muscles that jointly perform one specific movement.

52. Myositis– muscle inflammation

53. Max- free movement of the body relative to the axis of rotation.

54. Perseverance– the desire to achieve the intended goal, energetic, active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal.

55. National sports- part of physical culture, historically developed in the form of competitive activity and representing unique physical exercises and folk games with original rules and ways of organizing physical activity.

56. Poor posture– these are minor deviations in the position of the spine.

57. Forward kick- a technical technique of attack in volleyball, which consists of kicking the ball with one hand to the opponent’s side above the top edge of the net.

58. Olympic Charter is a collection of IOC statutory documents that formulate the goals and objectives of the modern Olympic movement, the principles of Olympism, a set of laws and rules that guide participants in the Olympic movement.

59. Olympism is a philosophy of life that elevates and unites the virtues of body, will and mind into a balanced whole.

60. Rest– this is a state of rest or active activity, leading to restoration of strength and performance. (active and passive).

61.Regular rest interval– full restoration of performance to the original level.

62. Weighting This is external resistance to movement (weight, barbell), which complicates the exercise and helps increase muscle effort.

63. Education– an organized, systematic process aimed at acquiring certain knowledge, skills and abilities, under the guidance of teachers.

64. Lifestyle- features of people’s everyday life in specific socio-economic conditions.

65. Metabolism (metabolism)- is a complex, constantly occurring, self-improving and self-regulating biochemical and energy process associated with the intake of various nutrients into the body from the environment, ensuring the constancy of the chemical composition and internal parameters of the body, its vital activity, development and growth, reproduction, ability to move and adapt to changing external environmental conditions.

66. BX- this is the minimum amount of energy expended by the body to maintain a basic level of vital activity.

67. Orthostatic test– transferring the body from a horizontal to a vertical position to study the body’s reactions and orthostatic stability.

68. General physical fitness is a human condition that is acquired as a result of physical training and is characterized by high physical performance, good development of physical qualities, and versatile motor experience.

69. Olympic movement- this is a joint activity of people, carried out for the benefit of strengthening peace and friendship between peoples in the spirit of mutual understanding, respect and trust, designed to actively promote the humanistic education of peoples on the ideals of sports.

70. Total lesson density- includes time to explain exercises, transition from one sports equipment to another, etc.

71. Jumping is a method of overcoming distances and obstacles (vertical and horizontal) using an accentuated flight phase after pushing off with the legs.

72.Climb-transition from hanging to point-blank range or from a lower position to a high one.

73.Turn– rotational movement of a body around a vertical or longitudinal axis.

74. Occupation density is an indicator of the efficiency of using training time, defined as the ratio of the time spent on exercises to the total time of the lesson.

75. Overwork is a condition of the body characterized by a significant increase in the duration of recovery after physical exercise in combination with negative mental symptoms.

76. Preparatory medical group– a group that is formed from students who have minor deviations in physical development and health, as well as insufficient preparedness.

77. Flat feet– drooping arches of the feet.

78. Pre-launch state– this is the mental state of an athlete that occurs immediately before performing in competitions.

79. Jumpability– the ability to perform a jump with a high lifting height or a significant distance without a run-up.

80.Overtraining– a pathological condition of a student, characterized by a significant decrease in the level of physical performance, negative symptoms of a functional nature in combination with mental depression.

81. Professionally– applied physical training - a specialized type of physical education, carried out in accordance with the requirements and characteristics of the profession.

82. Competition standings- this is the main document of the competition, which is guided by the main panel of judges and in which all aspects of the organization of the competition are provided.

83. Determination- the ability to make informed and sustainable decisions in a timely manner and proceed to their implementation without unnecessary delays.

84. Rhythmic gymnastics- this is a type of health-improving gymnastics, the main content of which is outdoor gear, running, jumping and dance elements, performed to music mainly in a continuous manner (almost without breaks, pauses and stops to explain the exercises).

85. Daily regime- this is the rational distribution of all types of activity and rest during the day, the automaticity of life processes repeated day after day.

86. Multitemporality (heterochrony)– different functions and qualities reach their maximum development at different ages.

87. Reflexes- these are reactions of the body that occur to irritation of receptors with the obligatory participation of the nervous system (the main mechanism of the central nervous system).

88. Resistance– stability, resistance of the body to external factors.

89. Sports uniform– adaptive state, is considered the final phase of the body’s adaptation to extreme – extreme work with the manifestation of the phase of maximum performance with the highest functional preparation.

90. Sports training- This is the main form of training for athletes.

91. Physical education system- this is a way of social practice, its foundations, united into a holistic structure.

92. Sport- part of physical culture, which is a specific form of competitive activity, preparing athletes to participate in competitions.

93. High performance sport– an area of ​​sports that ensures the achievement of high sports results and the setting of records.

94. Sports classification– a system of sports titles, categories and categories that determine the level of skill in individual sports, as well as the level of qualifications of coaches, athletes, instructors, methodologists and judges.

95. Stretching– a system of static exercises that develop flexibility and help increase muscle elasticity

96. Sports discipline is an integral part of a sport that differs from other component disciplines in the form or content of competitive activity.

97. Specialization- accentuated mastery of the elements of any sports discipline.

98. Scoliosis- This is a lateral curvature of the spine.

99. Well-being- subjective feeling of the state of one’s health, physical and spiritual strength.

100. Stress- a state of mental tension arising under the influence of strong stimuli.

101. Special Medical Group– a group that consists of students with health conditions in which increased physical activity is contraindicated.

102. Self-control is a system of monitoring the state of one’s health, physical development, physical performance and their changes under the influence of physical culture and sports.

103. Self-control– these are regular independent observations of those engaged in the state of their health, physical development, and the effect of physical exercise and sports on the body.

104. Special physical training- a process aimed at developing physical skills. qualities in accordance with the specific requirements of a particular sport and the characteristics of competitive activity.

105. Sports injury– this is the impact on the human body of an external factor, a violation of the integrity and functional state of tissues and organs, and the normal course of physiological processes during physical exercise.

106 . Courage- a person’s readiness to achieve a goal, despite dangers, infringing on personal well-being, overcoming adversity, suffering, and deprivation.

107. Socialization- the process of a person mastering a system of knowledge, norms and values ​​of physical culture that contribute to his functioning as a full member of society. (The formation of a person as an individual in the process of physical education and sports).

108. Recession- quick transition from emphasis to hanging.

109. Sports preparedness– the state of an athlete acquired as a result of preparation, which allows one to achieve certain results in competitive activity.

110. Sports category– a criterion for the special preparedness of an athlete, the level of his sportsmanship.

111. periods of ontogenesis, within the framework of which the most significant rates of development of certain human abilities are ensured, particularly favorable prerequisites for the formation of certain skills are created.

112. Technical and applied sports- part of physical culture that requires special preparation of an athlete for competitions using technical means.

113. Fitness is a state of the body characterized by progressive functional changes that occur under the influence of repetition of motor actions.

114. Training– is the process of performing physical exercises in order to improve the quality of competitive activity.

115. Test- a measurement or test carried out to determine the condition, processes, properties or abilities of a person.

116. Body type– this is the integrity of the morphological and functional characteristics of the organism, inherited and acquired under the influence of the environment.

117. Tactics– organization of individual and collective actions for the interaction of team players according to a specific plan, allowing them to successfully fight against an opponent during competitions.

118.Exercise physical cyclic is an exercise consisting of movements continuously repeated over a certain period of time.

119. Physical acyclic exercise- This is an exercise consisting of non-repetitive movements.

120. Morning exercises (exercises) is a set of physical exercises that ensures a gradual transition from sleep to wakefulness.

121. Lesson forms- these are classes conducted by a teacher (trainer) with a relatively constant training group of students for a strictly established time in a specially designated place in accordance with the requirements of the pedagogical laws of training and education.

122. Physical fitness– the level of development of basic physical qualities (strength, flexibility, etc.) for mastering new movements is understood.

123. Physical training– physical education, aimed at preparing a person for a certain type of activity with a pronounced applied direction (this is a process that ensures the improvement of motor abilities necessary in life).

124. Physical performance is a person’s ability to perform a large amount of physical work at a given level of efficiency in a certain period of time.

125. Physical development- the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the individual life of the natural morpho-functional properties of the body.

126. Physical Culture is a part of human culture associated with the physical and spiritual development of a person, which has its own cultural values ​​in the form of knowledge, motor actions and physical exercises. (The process and result of human activity aimed at achieving physical improvement of the individual).

127. Physical Culture– is an integral part of culture, which is a set of spiritual and material values ​​created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health, improving motor capabilities, contributing to the harmonious development of the individual.

128. Physical culture of the individual- the achieved level of physical improvement of a person and the degree of use of acquired qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life

129.Physical culture of the individual– this is a set of human properties that are acquired in the process of physical exercise and are expressed in a person’s active desire to comprehensively and harmoniously improve his body, improve health and lead a healthy lifestyle.

130. Physical education- a pedagogical process aimed at teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, nurturing moral and volitional qualities and mastering special physical education knowledge. (A pedagogical process aimed at acquiring a supply of vital motor skills and abilities, at the diversified development of physical abilities, and at improving body shape).

131. Physical education- a pedagogical process aimed at forming a healthy, physically and spiritually perfect, morally stable younger generation, strengthening health, increasing efficiency, creative longevity and prolonging human life.

132. Physical education movement is a joint activity of people to use and increase the values ​​of physical culture.

133. Physical education (physical education and sports) movement– a form of social movement that helps to increase the level of physical culture of the population, the purposeful activities of state and public organizations, citizens in the development of physical culture and sports.

134. Physical education– systematic development by a person of rational ways to control his movements, acquisition of the necessary fund of motor abilities and skills and related knowledge.

135. Phys. minutes and physical pauses– these are short-term sessions of physical exercise, introduced into the daily routine mainly as active recreation to maintain a person’s performance.

136. Lesson form- This is a way of organizational building and management of the occupational process.

137. Frontal - method organizing the activities of those involved, when everyone performs the same task.

138. Functional test is a procedure during which a standard task is performed followed by recording the level of functional changes in order to determine the state of the body or any of its systems.

139. Form of exercise- methods of performing motor actions, with the help of which a motor task is solved with relatively greater efficiency.

140. Physical perfection– refers to ideal health. Harmonic physical development, well-developed motor functions, comprehensive physical. preparedness.

141. Physical perfection- the process of physical education and upbringing, expressing a high degree of development of individual physical abilities. Meeting the requirements of life.

142. Walking- a method of movement that maintains constant support on the ground with one or two legs

143. Grip- a way of holding a sports equipment or object while performing an exercise.

144. The Purpose of Olympism– to put sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, contributing to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about respecting human dignity.

145. Shaping is a system of predominantly strength exercises for women aimed at correcting their figure and improving the functional state of the body.

146. Energy balance– the ratio of the amount of energy supplied by food and the energy consumed by the body.

147. Core- in athletics, a projectile that is thrown after a “jump”.
Used Books:

1. Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical culture: Textbook for institutes of physical culture. M.: FiS, 1991

2. Under the general ed. Matveeva L. P. - M.: FiS, 1983

Physical culture gives a person not only physical strength, but also spiritual health. It is impossible to harmoniously raise a personality if you do not make efforts to form a beautiful and healthy body.

A set of exercises that is aimed at strengthening the physical components, and, as a result, the emotional state - that’s what physical culture is. Exercises are used all over the world for the prevention of various diseases, as an additional technique for treatment.

A set of specific sports exercises aimed at developing all muscle groups is the concept of physical education.

The definition represents not only sports aspects, but also certain knowledge, skills, and values ​​that allow a person to lead a healthy lifestyle. Activity has a beneficial effect on health and allows you to adapt socially.

Usually people find permanent friends by attending sports clubs, clubs, and groups. This is explained by the fact that a healthy passion for sports allows you to find like-minded people who have similar life values.

The concept is very related to sports. The goal is one - to develop physical and spiritual qualities through the effectiveness of exercises. However, if sport pursues the goal of making a person the best and strongest, using exhausting training, then physical education includes other methods.

This is, first of all, maintaining comfort for a person (there are no heavy exercises here that only a well-trained person can do). The main features are mass production and therapeutic effect.

Kinds

Exercises, massage, personal hygiene - this is what physical education includes. Harmonious development is impossible if all factors are not taken into account.

The integrated application of all healthy education methods is the basis for the full development of the body, physiological and psychological.

There are several directions, each developing a specific area or targeting a specific type of activity.

Types of physical education:

• background - these are movements that a person performs almost unconsciously: climbing stairs, riding a bicycle, short jogging behind a departing minibus. This activity requires virtually no load, is performed automatically, but at the same time brings invaluable health benefits;
• mass is a type of activity that is performed under the supervision of a specialist. This type includes visiting various sporting events, groups, sections;
• adaptive is strictly individual in nature, a set of exercises is selected taking into account the patient’s condition and is aimed at rehabilitation of the body, correction of well-being, often used after injuries, sprains and for chronic diseases;
• therapeutic is a real panacea that does not require financial investments, but shows effectiveness. For rehabilitation during a course of drug treatment, a specially designed set of exercises is used to help restore physical health after illnesses and injuries.

There are many types, and they all involve a complex effect on the human body.

Take note! Physical activity is indicated for people of any age, healthy or with diseases.

Meaning

The answer to the question of why you need to do physical education, everyone must answer for themselves. For physically healthy people, sport helps keep their body and spirit in good shape.

During the rehabilitation period after surgery, exercises will help to quickly restore motor activity.

What does constant physical activity give a person:

• health promotion;
• hardening;
• comprehensive physical and psychosomatic development;
• performance training;
• increasing endurance;
• stimulating brain activity.

The benefits of playing sports are undeniable. During training, more oxygen enters the body, especially if the exercise is carried out outdoors, as a result of which youth remains preserved.

Take note! It is especially useful for older people to exercise, as it allows them to stabilize the activity of the central nervous system.

Applied physical education

Applied physical culture is a specialized technique. What this is can be easily understood by observing how the method is used in practice.

With its help, muscles are restored, active rest allows you to relieve the tension received during a long working week. Typically, such physical education is included in the compulsory curriculum when studying in institutions with a military bias.

Sailors, firefighters, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations must, in addition to professional activities, have excellent physical fitness.

There are several aspects that characterize a discipline. The simplest of them are the basic ones. These are the ones taught in school. At a young age, the foundation for further achievements is laid.

After this, you should move on to achieving higher results. In this vein, children's and youth sports are distinguished, and then mass and individual sports.

There is an applied and professional culture that allows you to master a certain profession. For this direction, the use of slightly different methods is practiced; it is distinguished by a more thorough study of achievements.

Health orientation is also included and is aimed at strengthening the functionality of the body. At the same time, do not forget about the hygiene component, which includes gymnastics, daily warm-ups, adherence to diet and sleep.

Appearance of the term

For the first time in the modern sense, the word “physical education” arose only in the 19th century in England. Until this time, what is now commonly called physical culture belonged to sports.

In Russia, this term began to be used in the 20th century, when special schools for children from wealthy families appeared. And in Russian general education institutions the concept began to be used only after 1918.

Then certain plans, standards and the number of hours allocated were established. From that time on, this direction was completely removed from sports.

It is impossible to say for sure how physical activity, which became a universal culture, appeared, just as it is impossible to answer the question of who invented it. According to the official version, it all started with the fact that a person needed to survive in difficult conditions. To protect yourself and your family from predators, obtaining food required enormous effort and preparation.

In ancient times, people had to withstand heavy loads and move a lot. The man understood: the more he moves, the more his strength and endurance increase. Experience began to be passed on from one generation to another, and later activities were no longer performed only to achieve a specific goal.

Even when there was no need to hunt predators, people did it just for the sake of general strengthening of the body, so to speak “for themselves.” This is how physical culture appeared.

Scientists still don’t know when physical education appeared. It is difficult to answer the question due to the fact that it is not known for certain whether this was an achievement of ancient people.

It was easier when certain exercises appeared and people began to exercise not for food and survival.

In Ancient Greece, gladiatorial fights and competitions were held that showed what a person was capable of. This is not surprising, because it was then that the culture of a beautiful body arose (this can be seen if you look at ancient statues), and people began to make every effort to make their body beautiful.

In the modern sense, the definition appeared in the 19th century. Then, for the first time, certain methods were developed and the final division of the concepts of “physical education” and “sport” appeared.

Benefits of exercise

The first person who first understood that it is useful to develop the body not only instinctively, but systematically and constantly, cannot be found.

The fact is that it is not even clear when the understanding of what sport does to the body first appeared.

However, answering the question of who invented physical culture, we can name the name P.F. Lesgaft, a doctor who began to scientifically construct a picture of the correct education of a harmonious personality with the help of sports exercises.

Physical education according to Wikipedia is defined as an area of ​​human knowledge that is designed to preserve and strengthen health and develop psychophysical connections. Wikipedia also points out that science creates a healthy lifestyle, and sociological adaptation occurs during classes.

Sport, unlike physical education, is not intended to improve health, but is aimed at achieving maximum performance. Today everyone knows what physical education gives to a person and why it is needed.

What will be the result of regular exercises:

• fit and beautiful body;
• healthy and flexible muscles;
• improved metabolism;
• healthy respiratory and circulatory systems;
• reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke;
• increasing immunity;
• improving brain function and memory quality.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

A healthy lifestyle is the very first factor that a modern person should pay attention to.

Even 20-30 minutes a day of light activities that are not burdensome and do not require financial investments, allows you to have fun and keep your body young, improve your mood and vitality, and make active and healthy friends. Love physical education and be healthy!

Physical education gradually began to become one of the main functions of the clan community. Physical culture with elements of sports exercises acted as an integral part of the general culture of ancient man. These are the origins and roots of physical culture.

Culture– (from Lat. – cultivation, processing) socially progressive creative activity of humanity in all spheres of existence and consciousness.

In a narrower sense, it is customary to talk about:

material(equipment, production experience, material assets, etc.)

spiritual(science, art, literature, education, morality, philosophy, etc.).

Physical Culture - part of the general culture of society, aimed at strengthening and increasing the level of human health.

F.K. formed through physical education – a pedagogical process aimed at forming a healthy, physically perfect socially active younger generation.

The purpose of physical education students is the formation of physical culture of the individual.

Physical education solves the following tasks:

health promotion;

development of physical and spiritual strength;

increased performance;

prolongation of life and creative longevity.

In the process F.V. morphological (in terms of the shape and structure of the body) and functional improvement of the body is carried out, as well as the development physical qualities :

rapidity;

endurance;

coordination;

flexibility, etc.

and the formation of motor skills, skills and a special knowledge system.

A person’s physical culture is formed through a certain system of physical education.

Physical education system– a set of ideological and scientific-methodological foundations of F.V., as well as organizations and institutions that implement and control F.V.

The entire F.V. system is aimed at developing the spiritual and physical qualities of a person, at preparing him for a specific type of activity (PPFP).

The most effective aspect of physical culture is the general level of physical development and physical fitness of people.

The results of physical education, which are reflected in indicators of human improvement, as well as all connections with the practice of physical education (special classes, means, methods, etc.) are of significant general cultural value.

Physical culture, like culture in general, is a product of the creative activity of society.

Physical fitness – is the result of physical training, embodied in the results achieved.

There are general and special physical training.

general physical preparation(GPE) is a non-specialized process of physical education, the content of which is focused on creating broad general prerequisites for success in a wide variety of activities.

Special physical training - This is a type of specialized physical education in relation to the characteristics of any activity (professional sports, etc.) chosen as an object of in-depth specialization. Actually, the result of GPP and SPP indicate general or special physical fitness. They are characterized by indicators of the development of physical qualities.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A HUMAN is the process of changing the morphofunctional properties of his body during an individual life (PDs in the anthropometric interpretation are characterized by indicators of height, weight, chest circumference, spirometry, dynamometry, etc.)

SPORT is a set of the most effective means and methods of physical education, one of the forms of preparing a person for work and socially necessary activities, one of the important means of ethical and aesthetic education, satisfying the spiritual needs of society, strengthening and expanding international ties that promote mutual understanding and cooperation and friendship between peoples. The special effectiveness of sport as a means and method of physical education is due to the competitive nature of sports activity.

Sport is a social phenomenon of society. It transforms itself into several different aspects, which include many different functions: the social aspect and its functions (ideological, political, social, managerial, prestigious integrative-organizational, cultural):

transformative social aspect:(functions: preparatory, educational, educational, normative);

communicative aspect: (communication function, exchange function);

psychological aspect(catharxic function, (purification, psychotherapy) intellectualization, volitional preparation);

creative aspect: heuristic (emergence of new ideas), creative, individual functions);

value-oriented aspect(value, evaluative function);

cognitive aspect(educational, cognitive, prognostic functions);

gaming aspect:(functions - competitive, protective-compensatory, resting, recreational and entertaining (rest, recovery, entertainment)).

Physical perfection – this is the optimal measure of harmonious physical development and comprehensive physical fitness (expresses a fairly high degree of development of individual physical talent and meets the laws of long-term health preservation).

The concepts presented give a general idea of ​​physical education, its features, social functions and relationships with other phenomena. The combination of these concepts characterizes physical education as a social pedagogical phenomenon.

The specific content of physical education is physical education (knowledge of the principles of training, the formation of motor skills, skills, special knowledge, means, training methods, volumes of training load, its intensity, taking into account age characteristics, knowledge of the nature of your body).

So, physical culture, like culture in general, is a product of the creative activity of society. At each historical stage, it changes depending on the opportunities presented to it for development, and at the same time inherits the cultural enduring values ​​created by humanity at previous stages (scientific knowledge about the laws of human physical improvement, objectively proven means and methods of physical education, works arts that reflect the aesthetic values ​​of physical culture, etc.)

Unfortunately, many of us, modern people, have forgotten about our roots, where we come from, and have forgotten that we are natural, biological beings. Practice has shown that those who thoughtlessly interfere with nature, without knowing its laws, are, as a rule, punished by it.

Basic Concepts

Sport - part of physical culture, competitive activity itself and special preparation for it. The commonly used term “Physical culture and sports” is not entirely correct, because sport is part of physical culture, although in some cases the concept of “sport” goes beyond the concept of “physical culture”. Physical perfection – the highest degree of development of individual physical abilities. Physical education – a pedagogical process aimed at a person’s mastery of personal values ​​of physical culture. Physical development – the process of changing the morphological and functional properties of the human body during his life. Physical recreation – means of physical culture used in active recreation. Physical activity – motor activity of a person, ensuring his physical and mental development. Psychophysical preparedness – the level of formation of a person’s physical and mental qualities for solving life and professional problems. Physical fitness – the result of motor activity, ensuring the formation of motor skills and abilities, the development of physical qualities, and an increase in the level of physical performance. Functional fitness is the state of the body systems (musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, etc.) and their response to physical activity. Professional orientation of physical education – development and improvement of professionally important physical and mental qualities, as well as increasing the general and nonspecific stability of the body in an unfavorable environment. Essential skills and abilities – natural forms of manifestation of motor activity (walking, skiing, swimming, throwing, etc.), providing targeted active human activity in the natural environment. Physical Culture - a special type of cultural activity, the results of which are useful for society and the individual. In social life in the system of education, upbringing, in the sphere of labor organization, everyday life, healthy recreation, the physical education movement promotes the joint activities of people in the use, dissemination, and enhancement of the values ​​of physical culture. Sports – participation in competitions, the desire to win, achieving high results, requiring the mobilization of all the strengths and qualities of the individual. Sport has certain rules and norms of behavior. Health and rehabilitation physical culture – the use of physical exercises as a means of treating diseases and restoring body functions after illnesses, injuries, overwork, etc. Basic means:

Therapeutic gymnastics - Dosed walking, running.

Physical recreation Physical recreation activities are not associated with great physical activity and volitional efforts, but they create a good mood, well-being, and restore mental and physical performance. Basic recreational facilities:

Tourism; - Sports and recreational entertainment.

Physical education Through physical education, a person transforms the general achievements of physical culture into personal values. Purpose of physical education – solving interrelated problems: 1. Health and development (health promotion, harmonious development of the body, ensuring high physical performance...) 2. Educational (acquiring the necessary amount of knowledge in the field of physical culture to ensure well-being in life...) 3. Educational (formation of value attitudes towards physical culture, the need for exercise, physical self-improvement...) The social functions of physical culture and sports - in the comprehensive formation and development of the individual, they will never lose their significance and will become more and more important as civilization develops

42All schoolchildren, after passing a medical commission, depending on their physical and physiological condition, are divided into medical health groups.

The pediatrician issues a conclusion indicating the health group assigned based on the diagnoses that were determined by medical specialists during the examination.

This conclusion will play a significant role in physical education.

There are three medical health groups for schoolchildren:

1.Basic health group. This health group includes children who have good health, meet the standards of physical and psychological development in accordance with the age group, as well as those who have mild diseases that do not affect overall physical development (for example: slight excess weight, uncomplicated skin allergic reactions and etc.)

Children whom the doctor assigned to the main group are recommended to engage in physical education within school standards and are allowed to participate in various kinds of competitions and sporting events.

2.Preparatory medical group. This group includes children who have a slight delay in physical development due to a previous illness or who have chronic diseases with frequent exacerbations. The preparatory group of children engages in physical education at the level of the main group, only without intense loads and with lower standards. The teacher needs to select a set of exercises that will not worsen the general physical condition.

3.Special Medical Group. This medical group includes children who need physical education classes according to a special program. Most often, physical education teachers leave this group of children sitting on a bench, that is, they completely exempt them from physical education class. Although such children, more than all others, need physical exercises, only those selected specifically for them. Complete freedom from physical activity does not benefit their health.

The motor regime in mass physical education differs from that in physical therapy in that it is aimed not so much at treating diseases, but at eliminating or mitigating their residual signs, strengthening health, increasing physical fitness and performance, instilling the necessary skills and desire for a healthy lifestyle.

The motor mode differs from the sports training mode in that it does not aim to achieve sports results. In all modes, all 3 types of adaptation are used: developmental, health-improving, corrective.

There are the following types of motor modes in mass recreational physical education:

1 Gentle.

2 Health-improving and restorative.

3 General physical training.

4 Training.

5 Maintaining fitness and longevity.

The modes differ from each other in terms of tasks and the number of participants.

Distribution of students into groups to assign a motor mode

A. Healthy people, fairly physically fit, mostly young and middle-aged.

B. Minor chronic diseases, in the phase of stable compensation, without a tendency to exacerbation, not dangerous under conditions of physical activity.

B. Chronic diseases with frequent exacerbations, insufficient compensation with satisfactory or poor physical fitness.

D. Significant deviations in health with unstable remission, aggravated medical history. Physical fitness is weak or very weak.

D. Regularly engaged older people and sports veterans without significant health problems.

The first mode corresponds to group G, partially to group B; the second - B, partially - B; the third - A, partially B; the fourth - A; fifth - D.

Characteristics of modes

I. Gentle, or physical therapy regimen, is one of the treatment methods. Prescribed by a doctor, performed by a methodologist in hospitals, clinics, health centers, sanatoriums, partly individually with preliminary detailed instructions to the patient. Exercises are selected depending on the diagnosis, period of illness, and the patient’s condition according to the exercise therapy program. If the conditions and condition of the patient allow, along with special exercises, general strengthening exercises should be included - walking at a slow and medium pace, starting from 100 m, with a daily increase of 250-400 m per day, up to 2 km, with a heart rate of 90-110 beats/min and recovery after 5-10 minutes. If you are in good condition, you can move on to fast walking, and then alternate fast walking with slow running. For 20-30 m of walking - 1-3 minutes of easy running. If exercise therapy is carried out to eliminate defects in posture, scoliosis, flat feet, etc., if the patient is in good condition, as well as in the presence of the necessary conditions, the arsenal of general strengthening means used can be expanded by skiing, swimming, outdoor games, gymnastic exercises without complex equipment and etc. The nature of the exercises and the magnitude of the load in each individual case is determined jointly by the doctor and the exercise therapy methodologist; the condition of the student and his reaction to the load are constantly monitored.

II. The health-improving regime is aimed not so much at treatment as at eliminating or mitigating the residual effects of injuries and diseases, body defects, chronic diseases, bringing basic functional indicators to the average physiological norm, promoting health and increasing physical ability. The range of means used is expanding, the density of classes is increasing. Particular attention is paid to the development or restoration of lost physical qualities and skills, but without significant stress.

Walking and running are mandatory - natural human movements, covering large muscle groups, beneficially affecting breathing, cardiac activity, blood vessels, enhancing intestinal motility, preventing the development of arthrosis. Beginners are allowed to walk slowly at first, then moderately, and if they are sufficiently prepared, fast, which is a powerful factorial influence.

Very fast walking is difficult to tolerate and therefore impractical. If the exerciser tolerates fast walking well, we can assume that he is ready to run.

Jogging involves, depending on the person’s condition, 4 stages: accelerated walking, alternating walking and running, alternating and smooth running with a gradual increase in distance and, to a lesser extent, speed. The pulse mode is set by the trainer depending on the dynamics of the condition and age of each student. After 1-2 minutes, heart rate should not exceed 100 beats/min. The range of general strengthening and developmental corrective exercises is also expanding, taking into account their effect on the body and the interest of those involved - gymnastic exercises without complex apparatus, water sports, skiing, short-range tourism, low-intensity outdoor games, exercise equipment. Outdoor activities are very important. Classes are held 2-3 times a week. The groups can be combined as follows: cardiovascular diseases and nonspecific respiratory diseases; metabolic diseases; peripheral nervous system and musculoskeletal system. To increase interest, competitions within the group are allowed. Groups of relatively healthy people can be formed by age. Classes are held at clinics, dispensaries, day care centers, rehabilitation centers, sanatoriums, and individually.

III. The general physical training regime is designed for practically healthy, physically fit people. The goal is to improve health, expand functionality, eliminate disorders associated with chronic diseases, increase the level of physical development, optimize physiological functions, prevent diseases, increase the body's resistance and reliability. Various physical exercises are used, taking into account their usefulness and desires of those involved, including from the arsenal of individual sports, as well as aerobics, training on simulators, short-range tourism and other recreational activities.

Particular attention is paid to the development, maintenance or restoration of lost physical qualities, maintaining interest in activities. The volume and intensity of the load is set by the trainer in consultation with a doctor. Elements of competition are acceptable to maintain interest in activities, instill healthy lifestyle skills, and eliminate bad habits. When forming groups, age and level of preparedness are taken into account. Classes 2-3 times a week in sections, “Health Groups” at sports complexes, day care centers, rehabilitation centers, large industrial enterprises, institutions, educational institutions.

IV. The training regime brings together healthy, physically fit people, mostly young, who have previously been involved in sports or are preparing to do so. In addition to achieving high stability, reliability and resistance of the body through cyclic exercises, general developmental and corrective exercises, exercises of the chosen sport are included in the classes. The purpose of the classes is to increase the functional capabilities of the body and its reliability while maintaining and strengthening health and preventing diseases, developing and maintaining physical qualities and skills, and a gradual transition to sports. Classes are conducted in accordance with the methodological instructions of sports training, the chosen sport, but in general with lower loads and less density, a greater proportion of general physical training. The class density is less, the introductory and final parts are longer. The load gradually increases. Competitions are included in the preparation plan. Regular medical monitoring is especially important due to the fairly high level of stress applied. Classes are held in appropriate sections or individually 2-3 times a week. Particular attention is paid to the process of restoration and implementation of a healthy lifestyle.

V. The regime for maintaining fitness and “sports longevity” is designed for sports veterans who want to maintain their health, physical fitness and special skills. The usual training continues, but with a gradual decrease in volume and intensity. The load is varied, but without compromising health, taking into account age, with an emphasis on maintaining the functions and exercises of “one’s” sport that suffer most in the process of age-related involution.

structure and content of a health aerobics lesson

A health aerobics trainer must have the following skills and abilities:

1. Conduct classes in accordance with the assigned tasks.

2. Use different means depending on the purpose of the lesson.

3. Conduct the lesson, observing its structure.

4. Select exercises in accordance with the parts of the lesson and taking into account the age and physical fitness of those involved.

5. It is logical to build a sequence of exercises throughout the lesson.

In accordance with the established tradition, supported by scientific research and many years of practical experience, the optimal structure of a recreational aerobics class, just like any other organized form of physical exercise, is a structure in which there are three parts: preparatory, main and final. Each part, in turn, consists of several blocks that allow you to solve certain particular problems.

□ Preparatory part

□ Main part

Ш Final part

Rice. 2. Duration of parts of an aerobics class

Physical education is a compulsory subject at universities. Significantly different in its content from other educational subjects, modern physical education at the same time forms an integral part of the process of training and education. It serves the purposes of strengthening the health, physical and spiritual improvement of students, and is designed to ensure the comprehensive physical readiness of future engineers and production organizers for effective work in the new socio-economic conditions of society. When studying the theoretical content of an academic subject, it is necessary, first of all, to consider in detail the basic concepts of the subject. These include: “Physical culture”, “Physical perfection”, “Physical education”, “Physical training”, “Sport”, “Sports training”. Their mastery by students allows them not only to understand the essence of the phenomena that reflect these concepts, but also to acquire in a systematic form the necessary knowledge on the subject, and to correctly navigate the content of theoretical and practical material on physical education.

Term(Latin terminus - limit, border). The term captures a certain concept of science, technology, art, etc. The term is an element of the language of science, the introduction of which is due to the need for an accurate and unambiguous designation of scientific data, especially those for which there are no corresponding names in ordinary language. Unlike words in everyday language, terms are devoid of emotional connotation. One of the most significant moments when creating a term is the identification of those characteristics of the concept that are directly subject to terminological reflection. It is difficult to explain movements without having precise and concise definitions for them. The name of this or that exercise allows students to form a correct general idea about it even before the demonstration and thereby master it faster and better. A unified, clear terminology should help and correctly summarize the experience of teaching the subject of physical education at a university.

Absolute Power- the strength exerted by a person in any exercise without taking into account the weight of the muscles or the entire body.

Adaptation (adjustment): 1. Organism - habituation, adaptation of the body to certain factors with a corresponding restructuring of its work and functions. This adaptation is by no means necessarily useful (for example, to alcohol, nicotine, etc.).

2. Individual systems or parts of the body - their isolated adaptation to the factors affecting them. In particular, a decrease in the sensitivity of sensory systems.

3. Tests, norms, assessments - their “adjustment”, adaptive correction to real conditions, requirements, peculiarities of the situation, which must be taken into account in order to act in the best possible way.

- “acclimation”, adaptation of the body (its individual systems and the entire organism as a whole) to certain loads and the conditions associated with them. Adaptation can be useful: the body begins to bear the load more easily, works more economically, and is able to cope with a greater load. But adaptation can also be a negative factor: because of it, the development of body systems is slowed down or even blocked, and it is for the sake of their development that the training load is performed - it has to be increased.

Targeting of pedagogical (training) influences- the expressed focus of pedagogical (training) influences: 1) on a specific object (for example, on a specific team player), 2) on the development of a specific characteristic of the object (the athlete or group of athletes in question, team), for example, strength, ability to manage emotions, tolerance in communication , mastery of a certain technical (tactical) technique. Pedagogical influences may not target specific people, but all those involved, and may be of a general nature, without a clear focus.

Acceleration (acceleration)- accelerated, earlier than usual, sexual and associated bodily maturation. It affects the motor (motor) capabilities of a growing organism: these capabilities in accelerated boys are usually greater than in non-accelerated ones, and less in girls. The opposite concept to acceleration is retardation). Sometimes they talk about motor (motor) and intellectual acceleration, meaning the corresponding acceleration of development in connection with certain inclinations and abilities, with the characteristics of living conditions, with specific non-targeted (“spontaneous”) or targeted training.

Activity— a universal property of material bodies and the mode of existence of highly organized systems; a set of changes in an object determined by it itself. In inorganic nature it manifests itself in the forms of self-motion and self-change, in living nature - self-development and self-preservation, in humans and society - in the creation of living conditions and in self-creation. There are internal and external activities; both can be spontaneous or induced. A person is characterized by three levels of its organization: biological, mental and social.

Motor activity (active, energetic, active): 1. Conscious or subconscious manifestations of life activity (activity), accompanied by a change or preservation of the motor (biomechanical) situation, and these changes are not the goal of this activity. With such activity, changing or maintaining the biomechanical situation is not the goal; it either plays a service role or turns out to be a by-product. At the same time, motor activity includes only intentional ones: a) active movements, b) active-passive (actively controlled passive) movements, c) active obstacle to movements. 2. Activity, the purpose of which is to change or maintain the motor (biomechanical) situation. In this understanding, motor activity also includes non-motor actions (mental, sensory, mnemonic), and it predominates in sports.

Anaerobic endurance(not + air + life) - the volume of that component of endurance (determined by the measure of the maximum intensity of performing a structurally specific typical motor task), which is provided by anaerobic (see) processes of energy production in the muscles.

- a load aimed at straining anaerobic (see) (that is, not using oxygen) energy production mechanisms, and therefore at developing anaerobic performance (and, accordingly, anaerobic endurance) of an athlete.

Anaerobic productivity- a measure, a quantitative assessment of the maximum value of anaerobic energy production (energy production) by human muscles for a given duration and intensity of work.

Anaerobic performance- performance, objectively determined by taking the corresponding ergometric and physiological indicators, a measure of the athlete’s ability to perform the greatest amount of mechanical work possible due to the anaerobic production of energy by the muscles.

Anaerobic energy production (activity)- energy production that the body carries out without using oxygen in biochemical reactions. Anaerobic energy production (main in fast muscle fibers) can be alactic, that is, without the formation of lactate (lactic acid): due to the breakdown of creatine phosphate, and lactate due to the breakdown of glucose phosphate with the formation of lactate. The maximum power of the alactic mechanism of energy production is approximately 2 times greater than the maximum power of the lactate mechanism.

Questionnaire (investigation)— a questionnaire to obtain information about who fills it out and (or) what is his attitude to certain phenomena, his opinions on the questions posed in the questionnaire. The questionnaire can be anonymous (it does not contain the identification data of the person being questioned or indirect information by which he can be identified) or open (if it contains data that allows the person being questioned to be identified). Questions in the questionnaire may require: a) numerical assessment of the quantity in question in physical units; b) an approximate assessment of the value under consideration by assigning it to one or another of the proposed zones (regions, ranges of values); c) assessment in conventional units (points or others); d) making a decision under the conditions proposed by the question; e) expressing an opinion on the question proposed in the questionnaire by choosing (confirming) one of the wordings of the answer proposed in the questionnaire; f) free expression of one’s opinion, not prompted in the questionnaire.

Questionnaire— a process including: compiling and duplicating questionnaires; their distribution in some intended population of people; instructions on filling out questionnaires and its organization; collection of completed questionnaires and their processing in such a way that can provide an analytical picture of the opinions of those surveyed. Questioning allows you to obtain information about the composition, condition and characteristics of the contingent, as well as people’s opinions on issues that interest you. Nowadays, surveys can be carried out on a computer using the interactive method. This requires the development of a special program that forms the content and sequence of the next questions, sometimes taking into account the nature of the previous answers.

Anthropometry- a section of sports metrology that deals with the study and recording of linear dimensions and other physical characteristics of the human body (weight, height, density, circumference, etc.).

Aerobic endurance (air+life)- a component of endurance, determined by the ability to perform the maximum amount of muscular work in a given time interval when performing a certain type of motor task due to the energy that is produced by the body using oxygen in reactions that ensure the production of energy.

- a load aimed at straining the aerobic (oxygen-using) mechanisms of energy production, and therefore at developing (increasing) the aerobic performance (and therefore general endurance) of the athlete.

Aerobic performance- a measure, a quantitative assessment of the maximum aerobic energy production of a person in a certain unit of time. Its indicators: absolute MOC (see “Maximum oxygen consumption”) in 1 minute. and specific MIC - in 1 minute. per kg of body weight.

Aerobic performance- performance (objectively determined by ergometric, physiological, biochemical indicators, a measure of an athlete’s ability to perform maximum mechanical work of a given intensity) due to aerobic (using oxygen for the oxidation of lactate, that is, lactic acid) energy production of the body.

Aerobic energy production- energy production that the body carries out using oxygen (oxidative phosphorination): molecules of lactic acid (lactate) are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for the re-synthesis of ATP. The aerobic mechanism of energy production is approximately 2 times less powerful than the lactate anaerobic mechanism and 4 times less powerful than the alactic anaerobic mechanism. The power of the aerobic energy production mechanism largely depends on the performance of the respiratory and circulatory systems, which ensure the supply of oxygen from the surrounding air to the muscles.

Basic tactical and technical readiness- (the art of construction):

1. Preparedness, composition, structure and quality level of which must be achieved at the stage of initial training in order to ensure normal further growth of preparedness at the stage of sports improvement, 2. Tactical and technical preparedness of such composition, structure and quality level, which should become the basis for further tactical and technical training in accordance with the plan for improving sportsmanship and the strategic plans of the athlete (team).

Basic tactical training— initial tactical training aimed at students mastering simple tactical techniques and actions. Such training is the basis, the basis for more serious and complex tactical training required at the stage of sports improvement.

Basic technical training- part of technical training, which is designed to ensure mastery of the basics of competitive sports-motor actions (SMC) techniques in a given sport, to serve as the basis for mastering more difficult SMCs included in the proper sports-technical arsenal, corresponding to the planned higher level of sports-technical preparedness of the athlete .

Basic technical readiness- that part of technical readiness that is determined by the degree of proficiency in the basic exercises for a given sport.

Basic physical functional training- work aimed at achieving basic physical functional readiness.

Basic physical functional readiness- the functional capabilities of the athlete in basic motor manifestations, in performing basic, that is, fundamental, exercises that underlie the motor actions of the target sport, as well as such functional readiness that ensures the normal course of its further increase at the stage of sports improvement. The level of basic physical functional readiness largely determines the success of working on the necessary SDCs. In different sports, basic physical functional preparedness should also be different. It is customary to define it by a certain set of local manifestations of physical qualities or simple control motor tasks (sprint running, endurance running, double push jump, pull-up on the crossbar, etc.).

Basic sports motor actions (BSMA)— SDC, the technique of which serves as the basis for the technique of other SDCs of this “family”, “homologous series” (see). Thus, a running step on a straight section of a distance can be considered a basic running step for both all types of distance running and for jumping runs; and the backflip dismount from the crossbar with a straight body is basic for the entire family of backflip dismounts from the crossbar and parallel bars of different heights: for single and double backflip with a straight body, tucked, semi-tucked and bent over without turns and with various turns. When learning, it is advisable to first master the basic SDC, and only after mastering it - other SDCs of the homologous series.

Basic sports motor skills (BSMS)— SDN corresponding to the basic SDC (see).

Basic sports motor skills (BSMS) and abilities (SDS)- fundamental, universal for any motor activity SDN (sports motor skills) and SDS (sports motor skills), constituting, as it were, the foundation of technical improvement. These are not target skills and abilities that determine the ability to implement specific, narrowly specific SDA and solve SDZ, but, as it were, background ones for them, creating a kind of “support”, conditions for their formation and manifestation. These are those ODN and SDU that provide the ability on their basis to form special skills and abilities targeted for a given sport. It is necessary to distinguish between general and special basic VOS and SDU. The general ones are different in different sports: for a boxer - skills and abilities in maintaining the required stance in different motor situations, moving on the legs without “crossing” them, etc.; for a gymnast - holding the body “rigid”, legs straight, toes pointed, pushing off with legs and arms, support, hanging, etc.; for a skier - maintaining stability when sliding on one ski, pushing off with poles, etc. Special: for a boxer, these are the skills and abilities of delivering a specific form of blow, defense (“stand”, “slope”, etc.); for a gymnast - performing an “accelerating” large rotation, a backflip dismount from the crossbar with a straight body, two circles on the pommel horse, a handstand, etc.; for a skier - pushing off with the foot in a skating stroke, in an alternating two-step stroke, in a descent in a middle stance, etc.

Basic sports exercises- practically the same as basic sports motor actions (SMA) (see). The only difference is that 1 exercise can contain 2 or more SDDs.

Basic Techniques- as if universal rational techniques included in the technique of many SDD: swing movements during repulsion, swing, “chain” (sequential) muscle tension passing in waves through the body or along its link, “whip” in gymnastics exercises, etc.

Baseline significance level— the level of significance at which the assessment of the result of the ongoing (conducted, upcoming) statistical procedure is focused.

Rapidity- a complex of functional properties of a person that determine the speed characteristics of movements, as well as the time of motor reaction. In a narrow sense, the concept of “education” is defined as the process of forming vital knowledge and personality traits that ensure its adaptation in the surrounding socio-natural environment.

Kind of sport- a stylized type of motor activity, represented by a characteristic set of spatial-objective relations and actions, united by the commonality of the final goal and being the subject of competition. As a trend, sport seeks to cover the entire gamut of motor capabilities associated with movement in space (even outer space), with impact (including emotional) on the outside world and a person’s personality. In its forms, it reproduces the logic of the history of the sequential transfer of human motor functions to technology, their group integration, the formation of natural, modeling, instrumental, ranking and group forms of motor activity, includes the whole variety of ballistic, cyclic and additive types of motor actions at all levels of their systemic organization - biological, mental and social.

Age limit— age restrictions on participation in competitions or inclusion in a particular contingent. For example, girls no younger than 14 years old can participate in adult artistic gymnastics competitions, and no older than 21 years old can participate in cadet competitions.

Age categories- age intervals (limited “from below” and “from above” by specific values), uniting people who presumably (due to age) are characterized by some more or less equal level of certain qualities, properties, capabilities. For example: children of preschool, primary school, middle school age. Or: childhood, adolescence, adolescence. Or in sports: children, cadets, juniors, adults. Age categories in many cases are different for men and women; there are different age standards for them (see).

Age norms- norms (comparative or due) intended for people of a certain age or, more often, a certain age category. This is one of the varieties of comparative, and sometimes due, norms (see “Norms”). Age standards provide criterion values ​​for certain qualities, properties, capabilities that are typical for people of different ages or age ranges (20-30 years, 30-40 years, etc.). Age norms also include motor age norms, which indicate specific (for example, in pull-ups, standing long jumps, etc.) average (“normal”) motor capabilities characteristic of people of different genders and ages. Motor age often does not coincide with the “passport age”. Naturally, age standards are different for men and women.

Age restrictions: 1. Age-related restrictions on admission to participation in competitions, to practicing one or another sport, to performing heavy loads. 2. Limited capabilities (for example, motor) due to age.

Age differences- differences in certain capabilities, qualities, properties associated with age.

Upbringing- a factor (and process) of directed deployment (cultivation) of hereditary capabilities in ontogenesis. It is a form of activity to control morphogenesis by inducing processes of internal activity that provide modification of self-development based on adaptation to external influences. The method is the transfer and development of culture and familiarization with art. The result is the directed development of physical, mental and social qualities and personality structures.

Education is a social phenomenon: a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of entry and inclusion of younger generations in the life of society, in everyday life, work, creativity and spirituality. Education ensures social progress and continuity of generations. It arose from the practical need to adapt, to introduce generations to the conditions of social life and production. Education is an eternal, necessary and general category. It appeared along with the emergence of human society and exists as long as society lives. Its content is specific and historical in nature and is carried out through the basic elements of social experience. Education reflects the socio-economic relations of society, the economic basis, language, forms of social consciousness, morality, religion, law, science and art.

Education of physical culture is a complex multicomponent psychological and pedagogical process of the formation of a person’s physical culture.

Endurance (in sports)- a measure of a person’s ability to withstand fatigue when performing muscular work (physical activity) of a given type and intensity without its unacceptable reduction. This is a complex characteristic of an athlete, integrative (not just a summation, but some more complex systemic generalization) determined by his performance, cost (efficiency) of the technique of motor actions used and its implementation, sensitization (adaptation of sensitivity) to the painful sensations of fatigue during work of a given nature, volitional qualities and target volitional preparedness, level of motivation (the degree of inherent motivation at a given time to continue, despite fatigue, work of a given intensity), and with interval loading, also a measure of the ability to quickly physically recover. Thus, in contrast to performance, a physiological and fundamentally objective characteristic, endurance largely depends on psychological factors and therefore contains a significant subjective component.

General Stamina— endurance (the ability to withstand fatigue for a long time) when working at low (30-40% of the maximum available) power; is ensured mainly by aerobic energy productivity, but also by targeted technical preparedness (the level of efficiency of technology and its implementation), and the level of motivation, and the volitional qualities of a person. Therefore, general endurance (as well as endurance in general) should not be attributed to physical qualities: it is only a motor manifestation, in the implementation of which aerobic performance is of great importance.

Supreme sports uniform- a state of highest readiness that allows the athlete to successfully participate in the most important competitions.

Genesis of human motor skills- the evolutionary-historical process of formation and development of his motor capabilities, as well as the means, forms and methods of their implementation in motor activity. It is a product of evolution, civilization and scientific and technological progress. Based on the composition of the leading factors and the specifics of the final product, three cycles of the development of human motor skills can be distinguished: biogenic (natural forms of motor activity), noogenic (modeling and tool forms) and sociogenic (ranking and group). From the moment man appears, all three cycles occur simultaneously. At the same time, in the noo- and sociogenic cycles the sequence of stages of biogenic formation is reproduced: 1) propulsion mechanisms, 2) transmission mechanism, 3) energy supply organs, 4) control and 5) programming of motor activity.

Heterochrony of development(in compound words corresponds to the Russian “different” + time): 1. Different times of the beginning of development (tissues, organs, qualities, skills): for example, in different phases of sexual development, for a different reason. 2. Different rates of development: for example, the strength of different muscle groups increases disproportionately (not equally quickly), which disrupts the ratio of their strength. This depends on the training method and on the characteristics of the muscle groups in question and the genotype of the person. Heterochronicity of development can usually be reduced, if necessary, by specialized training. In particular, this is the role of general physical training (GPP).

Flexibility- morphofunctional properties of the musculoskeletal system, determining the degree of mobility of its parts. Flexibility is measured by maximum range of motion. There are active and passive flexibility. The first manifests itself as a result of one’s own muscular efforts, the second through external forces of gravity.

Hyperfunction- excessive, increased functioning, a significant deviation of function from the norm in the direction of intensification, increase, increase.

Physical inactivity- a physical condition caused by chronic deviation from physiological norms of physical activity.

Based on the composition of inducing factors, three historically emerging forms of physical inactivity can be distinguished:

1) hypoergy - lack of total physical activity; a product of the separation of physical labor from mental labor;

2) hypokinesia - lack of variety of movements; the product of the second division of labor - the separation of city from countryside;

3) hypotension - insufficient intensity of motor activity; a product of the machine division of labor - the transfer of human motor functions to technology.

In the history of physical culture, these attacks of physical inactivity were accompanied by the emergence of special forms and methods of overcoming it (physical exercises, gymnastics and sports).

Hypokinesia- insufficient motor activity, a significant deviation of motor activity from the norm towards a decrease.

Hypoxia- lack of oxygen in the tissues of the body, arising due to insufficient oxygen transport compared to the power of work: insufficient current capabilities of the respiratory (respiratory) system, insufficient current capabilities of the cardiovascular system, as well as due to a lack of enzymes necessary for tissue respiration.

Hypofunction- a significant deviation of the function from the norm in the direction of weakening, decreasing, decreasing.

Motor activity (YES)- a natural property of the body associated with the regulation of flows of matter, energy and information, ensuring its self-development and self-preservation, through spatial movements and mechanical influences. Manifests itself in the ability to release accumulated energy and use it for this purpose. In humans, it includes a set of processes of internal activity (bioenergetic, neurophysiological, sensory-intellectual and emotional-moral) that ensure the performance of motor activity and the achievement of its final results.

YES— purposeful implementation by a person of motor actions aimed at improving various indicators of his physical potential and mastering the motor values ​​of physical and sports culture. YES is that part of human activity that is expressed by body movements or “serves” them. DA can be a target part of a person’s general activity, that is, its part aimed at changing or actively maintaining mechanical and biomechanical situations through muscle tension, or a service part of non-motor activity, aimed, say, at memorization, recognition, inference, etc. Very often, meaning YES, they say “motor activity,” but this is not a strict designation: firstly, it does not cover the motor activity mentioned above as service, and secondly, in psychology the term “activity” is interpreted completely differently. The term YES can be understood narrowly - as performing body movements and movements or actively maintaining a position. But it can be much broader, bearing in mind, in addition to this, intellectual processes that play a service role: formation of a situation, tactical formations, assessment of the process and results of solving motor problems, etc. This category includes both elementary movements and arbitrarily large and lengthy fragments of activity person.

Human motor abilities- natural and cultivated morphofunctional structures, abilities and personality traits that are used in the field of motor activity. They are realized through the formation of functional systems for its implementation. Natural ones are formed in the process of morphogenesis at three levels of its organization. They include physical (energy supply), neurophysiological (control), cognitive (perception and processing of information) and communicative (motivation and integration of actions) structures, abilities and properties. Their cultivation is the result of mastering the tools of motor activity created in the course of history, as well as the norms and methods of its rational implementation. The transfer of human motor functions to technology and their integration into the functions of a social group in the course of scientific, technical and social progress occurred in the same sequence in which these functions arose during evolution. The mastery of embodied and integrated functions is accompanied by the formation of previously non-existent abilities and personality traits.

Motor actions- the form of manifestation of processes of internal activity in the outside and the implementation of spatial movements and mechanical influences; a product of systemic organization and a method of directing processes of internal activity. According to the method of energy supply and the form of relations to the surrounding world, three types of motor actions can be distinguished: ballistic overcoming, cyclic movements and additive coordination. Each type of relationship is realized in three forms, including: spatial-objective acts (locomotion and mechanical influences); action-model relationships (demonstration of motor capabilities, production and transmission of information for the observer); operator actions (guiding processes of internal activity of a subject or external activity of an object or means of influence).

Motor activity- a form of a person’s purposeful mechanical relationship to himself and the world around him based on the systematic organization of processes of internal activity and external actions in order to:

— development and change of spatial-subject relations of the surrounding world (production);

- manifestation of the essential forces of a person and the transmission of information through motor actions-models (communication);

- formation of abilities and properties through the guidance of processes of internal activity (consumption).

Based on the specifics of the leading factors and the level of system integration of the processes of internal and external activity, we can distinguish five main forms of motor activity: 1) natural, 2) modeling, 3) instrumental, 4) ranking, 5) group.

Motor readiness- a result and indicator of the level of development of a person’s motor capabilities. It is characterized by the amount of available effort (physical, cognitive, communicative) in the process of motor activity. Evaluated by the degree of their manifestation. The technology of targeted development, assessment, and measurement of physical qualities has been developed quite reliably and is widely used in the practice of physical education and sports training. Other qualities have been little studied and are formed spontaneously. Their directed development takes place in the field of sports and in some types of vocational and applied education.

Motor competence- the result and indicator of the degree of development of a person’s motor capabilities; personal and social experience of its rational implementation, embodied in the composition and methods of interaction of functional systems of motor activity. It is characterized by the volume and degree of formed motor skills and abilities. Product of systemogenesis. It is formed in the process of learning in the general education system through the transfer and development of the culture of motor activity at a certain average, individually and socially necessary level of its assimilation (physical education).

Motor skill- an integral indicator of the level of development and the degree of use of motor capabilities in a certain type of motor activity; the art of motor actions, embodied in the abilities and properties of a person. Characterized by the cumulative effect of activity. The product of a fusion of talent and culture. It is formed in the system of professional education (performing arts) and in the field of sports (sportsmanship).

Motor skills- stable, fixed in the system of neurohumoral connections and relationships, methods of interaction of functional systems of motor activity. They differ in the type of motor actions, the composition of the means used and the degree of their development; are assessed on the quality, versatility and effectiveness of their implementation. Characterize the degree of mastery of the culture of motor actions.

Activity— a form of systemic integration of processes of internal and external activity at different levels of its organization; - a form of an active, conscious attitude of a person towards himself and the world around him with the aim of changing and (or) mastering living conditions and (or) his own nature. As a way of existence of a person and society, activity is realized in the unity of its three sides: production, communication and consumption. It is characterized by the purpose, composition of operations, subject, means and result. Consistently unfolds in four moments of relationships, including receipt (perception), processing, transmission, use of flows of matter, energy and information to achieve final results.

Motor unit (MU)- a motor neuron and a group of muscle fibers innervated by its terminal branches, which therefore work as one. Myon is often considered synonymous with MU, but more often it is believed that myon does not include a motor neuron, but MU does. All fibers of one MU contrast (strain) or relax (relax) simultaneously. There are large, medium and small MUs, containing fast, “intermediate” and slow muscle fibers, respectively. Different types of fibers have different types of energy-producing metabolism. The type of fibers is determined in the prenatal (intrauterine, before birth) period of human development and depends on the degree of myelination of the motor neuron that innervates the DE fibers with its branches.

Dynamic (myometric) method- dynamic work, during which changes in muscle length occur without changing their tone.

Dynamic strength endurance- typical for exercises with repeated and significant muscle tension at a relatively low speed of movement and exercises of a cyclic or acyclic nature, where fast strength is needed. In the latter case, we are talking about specific endurance, which is important mainly for the ability to perform special work of a speed-strength and explosive nature for a relatively long time without reducing its effectiveness.

Due standards— qualitative or quantitative standards that must be fulfilled or observed: their failure (non-compliance) entails undesirable consequences (sanctions, damage in classification, denial of benefits or enrollment in the team).

The natural development of human kinesiological systems is understood as the process of their age-related transformation under the conditions of ordinary regimes of elementary physical activity. Such modes include vital locomotion, labor and everyday motor actions and automatisms, outdoor games, physical education classes and physical education lessons within the framework of official programs for physical education and physical culture in educational institutions, as well as physical activity in various forms of active recreation and entertainment, occasional exercise in mass and family forms of physical activity, including during vacations, vacations, and weekends.

Vital capacity of the lungs (VC)- the volume of air that a person, having taken a full (to failure) inhalation, can exhale (exhale also to failure). Device for measuring vital capacity - spirometer.

Healthy lifestyle- this is a way of life based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, labor, hardening and, at the same time, protecting from the adverse effects of the environment, allowing one to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age. A healthy lifestyle presupposes an optimal regime of work and rest, proper nutrition, sufficient physical activity, personal hygiene, hardening, eradication of bad habits, love for loved ones, and a positive perception of life.

The system of concepts “healthy lifestyle” includes elements: environmental (“quality of life”), cultural and everyday (“lifestyle”), anatomical and physiological (“standard of living”) and socio-economic (“standard of living”). As a system-forming concept, “healthy lifestyle” is organically integrated into the macrosystem along the lines of man - nature - society - culture. The identification and formation of these concepts makes it possible to bring students closer to the understanding of a healthy lifestyle as the most accessible and productive way to strengthen human health and ensure their safe life.

Human health. Health- the psychophysical and spiritual state of a person, which ensures his full biosocial functioning, physical or intellectual performance, sufficient adaptability to natural influences, environmental variability in the absence of pathological abnormalities in the body.

Health-forming technologies of sports training. Concept "health-saving technologies" is especially relevant when studying the problems of sports training. The essence of health conservation in this case consists, first of all, in the selection and implementation of such volumes, intensity and direction of training influences that are adequate to the operational and current state of the athlete and feed into the future tasks of sports training. Nature-appropriate rhythms of alternating accents of training loads contribute to the organization of health-preserving content of long-term sports training. Specially organized and timely diagnostic monitoring, preventive, rehabilitation and therapeutic measures prevent deviations from the norm in the states of the morphofunctional and immune systems of the athletes’ body.

Health-forming technologies of physical education— systems of physical education that provide for the use of physical culture values ​​for the purposeful formation of conditions and factors that ensure the increase in the health of those involved. Such conditions and factors may include: stimulated development of physical qualities, especially endurance, helping to reduce the possibility of overloading the functional and morphological systems of the body when performing physical and mental work; development of attention and coordination abilities that help to avoid household and work-related injuries and correctly navigate in extreme situations; developing a person’s skills in organizing physical and intellectual exercise regimes, rest and recovery; the formation of communication skills that provide a high level of ability to integrate into different social groups and work teams and tolerance in communicating with other people.

Knowledge, according to encyclopedic data, is a practice-tested result of reality, its true reflection in human thinking. Knowledge serves, firstly, the formation and development of a person who has knowledge (such knowledge is called educational); secondly, the formation of a worldview and principles, considered from the point of view of being and activity. And finally, thirdly, the transformation of goals.

Ideomotor: 1. The phenomenon of a person’s ability to imagine and mentally repeat motor actions. 2. The set of actually occurring mental processes that are associated with the ideomotor performance of motor actions (“performing” exercises). Often, a person is satisfied with the idea “in his mind’s eye” of a purely external picture of the execution of the desired system of body movements and movements. Much more effective are ideomotor representations, which include, in addition to the external picture of the system of body movements and movements, also a picture of the proper sensations, perceptions, and images, which is possibly more detailed and unfolded in time at the same pace and rhythm as in actual performance (see “Proper Perceptions” ).

Ideomotor control during sports motor activity (SMA)- ideomotor execution of the system of movements that the controlled person must perform and actually performs. This allows the controller to conduct a comparative analysis (see) of the system of body movements and movements being performed, as well as, as it were, to feel what the real performer feels, and to better understand the reasons for the motor errors he made, to anticipate their possible occurrence, and to compensate for the consequences.

Ideomotor tuning- preparation for the immediately upcoming specific motor activity through its preliminary ideomotor (mental) execution. This allows you to form a more adequate (well corresponding to the upcoming activity) motor system, ensure readiness to implement the program of proper perceptions, prepare for a recall from memory synchronous with the upcoming movements for comparison with the upcoming real perceptions and determination of mismatches.

Ideomotor preparation- a general concept that includes the concepts of “ideomotor training”, “ideomotor control”, “ideomotor tuning”.

Ideomotor training- repeated and with the necessary amendments ideomotor “execution” of the exercise (mental implementation of a sports motor action) for faster and better learning or improvement. Ideomotor training is the more useful the more complex and coordination-difficult the exercise (motor task) the athlete is working on.

Quality measurement— establishing a correspondence between the degree of expression of the qualitative characteristic of an object that interests us and the requirements for it (using the selected numerical scale).

Measurement information— information about the values ​​of measured physical quantities related to reference or control points of the measurement object or reflecting its characteristics and their changes in time or space.

Measuring system- a set of functionally combined measures, measuring instruments, measuring transducers, computers and other technical means located at different points of the controlled space for the purpose of measuring one or more physical quantities characteristic of this space.

Measuring setup— installation for measurements; located in one place, a set of measuring, converting, auxiliary instruments and devices functionally combined into an integral system for measuring one or more physical quantities. The installation includes instruments and devices connecting them, functionally combined into an integral system.

Measuring device- a part of a measuring device (installation, system) that has a separate design and purpose, but does not have a separate housing.

Measuring signal— a signal containing quantitative information about the measured physical quantity.

Measured quantity— measured property, parameter. Measured quantities are: a) constant (they should not change in time) and variable (the value of which changes in time), which are deterministic (clearly dependent on factors known to us), probabilistic (their values ​​are subject to probabilistic dependencies) and uncertain (depending on factors unknown to us and not subject to the probabilistic dependencies known to us, and therefore even probabilistically not predictable); b) discrete (for example, times in pull-ups, number of people) and continuous (for example, length, temperature, time).

Parameters measured in sports— parameters of the athlete’s body, his physiological functions and physical activity, the environment influencing the athlete’s activity. These parameters can be classified in 2 ways: 1) the purpose of the mechanical characteristics of the body of athletes, the values ​​of physiological characteristics affecting the implementation of SDA, the values ​​of the mechanical characteristics of body movements and movements of the body and its parts, the values ​​of the mechanical characteristics of other bodies interacting with the athlete and their movements, the values ​​of mechanical essential for SDA characteristics of the environment, the values ​​of other environmental characteristics essential for SDA; 2) (according to Yu. I. Smirnov and M. M. Polevshchikov, 2000) - on a) single, revealing one value (value) of the 1st property (for example, the maximum strength of a specific muscle group); b) differential - characterizing one property of the measured system, for example, physical (in other words, motor-functional somatomotor) quality strength; b) complex - related to one of the complex capabilities of the system (for example, technical skill); c) integral - reflecting the integral, generalized effect of the functional state of various body systems (for example, sportsmanship).

Measurable indicators of aspects of sportsmanship— signs that allow one to evaluate sportsmanship: 1) sports-pedagogical (technical-tactical and technological indicators), 2) functional and psychological preparedness (physical development and readiness, mental characteristics), 3) implementation of volitional properties (stability, reliability, accuracy, stability), 4) personal properties (emotional, social, intellectual).

Isokinetic exercises: 1) exercises with varying resistance along the movement, changing in different areas of the amplitude; 2) exercise with a constant speed of movement of the weight.

Isometric muscle work mode- the mode of its tension, in which the length of the muscle does not change (the same thing that is incorrectly called the “static mode”), that is, the joint angle does not change. Immediately, without a pause, moving from the eccentric mode (yielding movement) to the isometric one, the muscle is able to develop greater ultimate traction force than after the isometric and, even more so, concentric mode (overcoming movement). It is in isometric mode that muscle strength needs to be measured; in this mode, the posture is maintained.

Isotonic exercises- work of a muscle, during which its length and the magnitude of the burden change, the tension remains constant; Lifting free weights is a classic example of isotonic exercise.

Individual development- a set of transformations that occur in the body throughout life under the influence of heredity, living conditions and activity. It is a two-pronged process of self-reproduction of the species in the individual (the development of hereditary capabilities) and its adaptation to the conditions of existence (the formation of functional systems of activity). In humans, it is realized in the unity of two aspects of ontogenesis (morpho- and systemogenesis) at three levels of its organization: biological, mental and social.

Art- the highest form of manifestation of the essential powers of man in his communication with nature and other people; the creative process of producing and transmitting emotionally rich information of a subjective and personal nature about oneself and the world, framed in the form of an artistic image. The artistic image objectifies two components of performing skills - talent and culture. The talent is unique, the culture is accessible to the masses. Their joint work, involved in the circulation of culture, serves as a factor in the formation of the personal culture of both the performer and the consumer.

Load intensity:

1. Physical activity intensity- an indirect, indirect measure of the average mechanical power that is necessary to perform the work done by the athlete (in the time interval under consideration); According to the main idea, this is the amount of load on average (in a given interval) per unit of time. However, in different sports it was necessary to take a different approach to its definition: in relation to exercises of a cyclic nature, the basis is the speed of overcoming given sections of the path and their number, in gymnastics - the number of completed (to be performed) complete combinations or their large parts, in weightlifting - the weight of the bar being lifted, etc. A universal and scientifically correct approach has not yet been found.

2. Intensity of physiological load— a measure of load power, indirectly determined through the speed of formation and depth of physiological changes in the trainee’s body. It can be determined by the “pulse value”: by the increase in the total number of heart contractions (“pulse beats”) during the exercise and after its completion (during the normalization of their frequency) compared to the normal number for rest, divided by the time the exercise is performed. It can be determined by the rate of increase in oxygen debt, etc. There is a gas analytical method, which is more advanced, but is associated with inconvenience and difficulties. However, all this is very approximate; a sufficiently correct approach has not yet been found.

3. Intensity of psychological stress- a measure of the ability of a given load to cause psychological changes in an athlete at one speed or another, characterized as mental fatigue.

Introvert- a mental and psychological characteristic of a person who is mostly focused on his inner world, more closed and uncommunicative.

Kinesiology system. The kinesiological system is understood as a structurally ordered complex of elements of a morphological, physiological, biomechanical and psychological nature, ensuring the targeted implementation of a person’s motor function in the interests of achieving personally acceptable and required levels of development of his motor qualities and abilities.

Kinesiological potential- a morphofunctionally, biomechanically and psychologically supported, systemically functioning complex of skills for the production of purposeful motor actions with specified quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Kinesiology- an integrative field of scientific knowledge about human motor activity and the morphological, functional, biomechanical systems that support it and methods for their development and improvement.

Oxygen debt- the amount of oxygen that is necessary to eliminate excess lactic acid accumulated during the anaerobic lactate process of energy production, as well as that which needs to be decomposed for the resynthesis of decomposed creatine phosphate. Decomposition products (creatine, lactic acid) are formed during muscular work, the power exceeding the current value of the power of the aerobic process of energy production. The oxygen debt begins to be “repaid” as soon as the aerobic process in power becomes greater than that required to produce the energy necessary to perform the current muscular work. After prolonged intense muscular work, eliminating the oxygen debt sometimes requires 2-3 days. It is advisable to take into account the relative oxygen debt: per body weight in kg (that is, absolute debt / body weight).

Collectivism- the need for friendly communication, to rely on the opinions of comrades.

Convergence of methodology- convergence, reduction of differences in training methods in related or somewhat similar sports, when mastering similar (or identical) exercises.

Convergence of techniques of sports motor actions- bringing together, reducing the differences in patterns of movement systems that achieve somewhat similar motor tasks - exercises that are similar in some component are performed. The convergence of the techniques of various exercises is associated with the observed tendency towards the unification of training in performing somewhat similar, although in many ways different exercises.

Conditioning training- a form of using physical exercises, physical activity regimes and hardening sessions in order to prevent physical inactivity, maintain the achieved level of physical condition and optimize the functional states of human health and performance. The most rational are coherent programs and technologies (circuit training, shaping, etc.), selected taking into account the characteristics of the physical condition, kinetic and dynamic modes of life, which determine the nature of the required conditions. The theory of physical culture as an independent scientific discipline is in the process of formation. Its categorical apparatus requires a more strict causal implication.

Concentric mode of muscle work-mode of muscle work, in which they shorten as they tense. This mode is also called myometric; it corresponds to overcoming work in the joint. The opposite mode - the tense muscle lengthens - is called eccentric (or plyometric), it corresponds to the yielding mode in joint movement.

Control in sports- operational, current and stage-by-stage characteristics of the athlete’s condition, carried out during testing or during competitions, providing for the assessment of special physical, functional, technical and tactical readiness, mental state and behavior in competitions.

Control is necessary to manage the training process, since no training plan, even the best one, can be accurately implemented, and most importantly, it is impossible to reliably predict the athlete’s reactions to the planned influences. Therefore, sports training and its plan must be adjusted in accordance with the information obtained during training monitoring. A wide range of different parameters are subject to control: biological (anatomical, medical, hygienic, biochemical, physiological), physical (mechanical, thermal, electrical), mental, organizational, methodological, sports. Control is carried out through measurements, observations and anamnesis (collection of information by survey). Since control over sports training is inextricably linked with its plan (without a plan there is nothing to control, without control the plan cannot be effectively implemented), different forms of planning correspond to different forms of control: operational planning - operational control, current planning - current control, stage planning - stage control ( see related articles). Planning is always designed for subsequent control. Monitoring provides information about the athlete’s training process, and it is advisable to obtain as much of this information as possible. However, exercising control requires time and effort, which is largely taken away from the process of direct training. Consequently, the trainer faces the difficult task of optimizing the time and effort spent on monitoring, on the one hand, and obtaining the desired information, on the other.

Control over the solution of a sports motor task (SMT)— control over the degree of implementation of a sports motor task and the progress of its solution. Control is carried out both during the decision of the SDZ and, mainly, after its completion. Depending on the nature of the SDZ, either the progress of the SDZ solution is controlled (evaluated) (if the goal is the process of movements itself), or the final situation (unless it is the goal of the SDZ, and the progress of the solution does not interest us), or both. Control can be: a) visual (using vision, not armed with measuring instruments); b) with fixation of a visual image on photo, film, video tape; c) instrumentation (with measuring instruments), including computerized installations. Control may be based on observation results and/or testing results. In terms of semantic content, control can be pedagogical, psychological, medical, biomechanical, sports, and also, of course, mixed - integrating components of any of these (named) content forms of control. It can be quantitative and qualitative. Control is carried out, first of all, by comparing the result of the SDZ solution with its goal and assessing the detected discrepancy. The relationship between the result and the expected further motor (and sometimes not only motor) activity is also assessed. Control is carried out: 1) in the process of solving SDZ - synchronous control; 2) immediately upon completion of its decision - operational control; 3) after some - more or less - time after its completion, when the significance of significant factors becomes clearer, when the role and significance of the result of the SDZ decision - suspended control - becomes clearer. It is based on ideas about what and how it should have been and what and how it happened, comparison of these 2 blocks of ideas, evaluation of the comparison results according to some qualitative and quantitative criteria and scales accepted by the subject of control. Monitoring the decision of the SDZ is needed: a) to understand whether the SDZ has been solved, and if so, how well and what are the features of the solution; b) to know what to do next; c) so that, learning from our mistakes and successes, we can improve the solution of somewhat similar SDZs in the future. Of course, control over the decision of the SDZ is more effective if the controller knows well the details of the goal and conditions and if he has a system of evaluation criteria.

Control over sports training- active acquisition, storage, analysis and evaluation of such information that allows us to reasonably judge the organization, logistics, medical, scientific, educational aspects, progress and results of the training of the athlete (athletes). Control is distinguished: a) operational (over the immediate progress and results of preparation - within 1 training session, in extreme cases - 1 day); b) current (refers to micro- and mesocycles of the training process); c) stage-based - based on the results (only the results) of the entire stage of preparation (for six months, a year, 4 years - depending on the duration of the intended stage of one or another hierarchical level). There are also types of control on another basis - in accordance with the division of training into its so-called “sides”: a) physical (functional); b) technical; c) tactical; d) psychological; e) theoretical readiness and preparation. There are also controls: a) loads; b) for recovery after physical activity, illness, injury (physical, medical rehabilitation); c) for food; d) the daily routine; e) for the psychological state and its provision. Control can be visual and instrumental, quantitative and qualitative (substantive).

Control over technical training- active acquisition, storage, analysis and evaluation of such information that can make it possible to reasonably judge the organization, logistics, medical, scientific and educational aspects, the progress and results of the training process of the athlete (athletes). On another basis (in connection with the division of training into the so-called “sides”), training control is distinguished: technical control and closely related physical (functional), tactical, psychological, theoretical. In technical training, it is also necessary to control loads, recovery (rehabilitation), psychological state and the measures to ensure them.

Monitoring technical readiness- taking into account the number of volumes and level of perfection of special (sports) motor skills and abilities of an athlete (functional group, team) - the composition and structure of the sports technical arsenal (see) and the level and characteristics of mastery of the technique of sports motor actions (see), included in its composition.

Control over functional training— taking into account the process of formation of motor functional capabilities of an athlete (team), determined by motor-functional qualities, his (their) motor skills and abilities. If we use the concept of physical qualities, then in addition to them one should take into account his physique, the strength of the musculoskeletal system, psychosomatomotor and psychomotor qualities, as well as motor skills and abilities.

Control over functional readiness— control over the motor-functional state of the athlete and the presence of the skills and abilities necessary for his manifestations. We can talk about general basic, basic special and special functional readiness.

Benchmarks- achievements in completing tasks that must be shown to students (a group of students) in accordance with the training plan or during the selection process.

Concentration of attention- unrelenting concentration on the target activity, without distraction by various objects. Concentration of attention increases the effectiveness of automatic control of activity, the timeliness and accuracy of assessing the situation, the degree of adequacy (correct compliance) of transformation (change) or a decisive change of goals. To maintain concentration at a sufficiently high level, it is necessary to make volitional efforts - the greater the longer you need to maintain it.

Cooperative sports motor actions (SMA)- joint implementation by two or more athletes of SDC, so connected by a common goal that they become a single system, as if one SDC, parts of which are carried out by different athletes in their interaction. This is, for example, performing a group block in volleyball, joint actions of partners in some sports (rowing, group acrobatics, synchronized swimming, pair figure skating).

- load component, determined by the degree of coordination complexity and coordination difficulty of the exercises performed (motor tasks). At the same time, high concentration and tension of attention entail a general weakening of attention, the appearance of its “failures,” and general fatigue.

Coordination of movements- this is the process of controlling muscle activity, as a result of which a certain degree of compliance of the sequence and gradation of muscle tension with the characteristics of the motor task and the conditions for its implementation is achieved.

Circuit training- a form of organizing classes aimed at developing physical qualities. Elementary physical exercises aimed at developing specific physical qualities and not requiring assistance or insurance. The main method of developing physical qualities in the process of educational or sports activities, characterized by the transition of each student from one station to another (“in a circle”) after completing individual tasks. The training program consists in most cases of 8-12 exercises (stations), the order of which is determined in such a way that each subsequent exercise loads the muscles that were stressed in the previous exercise.

Culture of motor activity- the technology of its rational and effective implementation, accumulated in the course of history and embodied in the totality of conditions, means, methods and results of its forms and types available to man. It accumulates in the norms of motor activity, in the technique of motor actions, in the tactics of forms of motor activity, in the ethics and ethics of motor behavior. How a branch of culture is objectified in three forms of existence:

— in the culture of living conditions, which includes material and spiritual values ​​created on the basis of rational technologies of motor activity, and their social conditions, technologies, formation, development, distribution and development (infrastructure);

— in the forms and components of motor activity that accumulate these technologies and ensure their development and application, objectification and deobjectification (culture of activity);

- in the cultivated abilities and properties of the individual who has mastered these conditions and these technologies (human motor culture).

The term “culture of motor activity” is semantically focused only on the second of these forms. The third form is a product of the objectification of the first two. Therefore, the term “human motor culture” can probably be used to integrally characterize all three forms combined.

Human motor culture- the sphere of social activity of society, specialists and the population in the development, dissemination and mastery of the culture of motor activity in order to:

— managing the process of individual development of abilities and properties (field of physical education);

— ultimate development and maximum development of motor capabilities (area of ​​sports);

— optimization of functional states of human health and performance (field of physical culture).

The term can be used to nominate direction 521900 instead of the accepted term “Physical Education”, which unjustifiably narrows the concept of “Direction of Education”.

Healthy lifestyle culture- this is a socially determined area of ​​general human culture, which is a qualitative, systemic, dynamic state, characterized by a certain level of knowledge and intellectual abilities, motivational and value orientations, physical culture, acquired as a result of education and self-education and integrated in its practical activities, physical and psychophysical health.

Dexterity- the ability to quickly master new movements, quickly rearrange motor activity in accordance with the requirements of a suddenly changing environment. Dexterity is also characterized as a complex psychomotor ability that determines the quality of the process of controlling movements.

Personality— the individual as a subject of social activity; characterized by a system of individualized relationships of a person to himself, nature and other people. It is a product of self-creation in the process of production, communication and consumption. It is formed by coordinating the parties and levels of ontogenesis under the auspices of sociogenesis. The main factors of directed formation are the social activity of the individual, culture, science, art, law, morality, religion and the indirect activities of mediators (parents, mentors, teachers, etc.).

Macrocycle of the training process- a yearly (or six-monthly, if a series of main competitions are planned in each half-year) cycle, containing preparatory, main and transition periods.

Maximalism- to act on the “all or nothing” principle, to do more than is actually possible, an extreme in judgment, characteristic mainly of junior students.

Maximum strength- the greatest instantaneous value of force developed over the period of time under consideration, or, more often, during the period of motor action under consideration, or for the action as a whole (even in a motor task that includes a number of motor actions). More often they mean a fixed value.

Maximum speed- the greatest instantaneous value of the speed of the point under consideration for the considered period of time, or for the considered period of the SDT, or for all the SDT, or even the motor task as a whole. More often they mean the fixed value of the maximum speed.

Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2)- the maximum amount of oxygen that a person can normally consume in 1 minute. with maximum intense muscle work. It is measured in liters per minute (l/min). VO2 max determines a person's aerobic performance - this is an important component of endurance.

"Small" training- training with relatively little physical activity: this allows you to rest before or after a “big” workout (see) maintaining optimal cyclical processes in the body, while at the same time allowing you to use the training to improve skills and abilities.

Math statistics- the science of mathematical methods of systematization and use of quantitative data from measurements, surveys, observations to monitor the process and its results (in sports and physical education - the training and preparedness of those involved), scientific and practical conclusions. An applied branch of mathematics that examines the features and patterns of collections of random variables and the relationships between these collections.

Expected value- theoretically calculated (in accordance with some theoretical distribution) average probable value of a varying characteristic. Thus, the mathematical expectation of the coat of arms falling out when throwing a “correct” coin is 0.5.

Instant Power- the quantitative value of the force (mechanical characteristic) at the considered moment in time (instant) or at the considered point along the path. The minimum and maximum forces are also its instantaneous values. In practice, it is defined as the average force over a very short period of time (the shorter it is, the more accurately the resulting value corresponds to the selected instant). On a graph of force versus time, instantaneous force is determined by raising a perpendicular from the point on the x-axis corresponding to the selected moment in time until it intersects the curve. From the point of intersection, a perpendicular is lowered onto the ordinate axis, and the point of its base on it (the ordinate) indicates the desired value of the instantaneous force.

Instantaneous speed- the value of the speed of a point at the considered moment in time or at the considered point in space. More often they mean a specific fixed value.

Mesocycle of the training process— a set of microcycles united by a plan for solving a certain preparation problem. The mesocycle task is part of the training stage task. The duration of the mesocycle is usually 1-2 months. The name is generally accepted, but it can hardly be considered entirely apt: mesocycles may not repeat themselves, that is, there is no cyclicity as such.

Measure: 1. Exemplary (reference) or working measuring instrument designed to reproduce a certain physical quantity of a given size. 2. A quantitatively expressed characteristic of an object as a reflection of its size, size, essential properties. 3. Philosophical category expressing the dialectical unity of the quality and quantity of an object: indicates the limit beyond which a change in quantity entails a change in the quality of the object, and vice versa.

Metabolism- metabolism as an integrated set of processes of catabolism (dissimilation of the breakdown of organic substances) and anabolism (assimilation, formation of organic substances and their inclusion in the body) in living things.

Accuracy; 1. Motor characteristic determined by the level of ability to carry out precise actions. 2. According to the concept of motor-functional qualities (see) - one of the psychosomatomotor qualities (determined by the individual properties of central and peripheral nervous mechanisms, somatic mechanisms).

Microcycle- the structure of a separate training session and small cycles consisting of several sessions (weekly cycle).

Minute volume of blood (heart)- the amount (volume) of blood ejected by the heart into the aorta in 1 minute. The maximum (the greatest achievable with sufficiently long, very intense muscular work) minute blood volume characterizes the maximum power of muscular work available to this person.

- a quantitative measure of the impact of physical exercise on the body and the degree of overcoming objective and subjective difficulties associated with the expenditure of energy resources and the occurrence of fatigue.

- characteristics of the totality of motor tasks completed or to be performed in terms of performing mechanical work: its volume (total value), duration, intensity (a measure of power), rhythm, coordination complexity (an indirect measure of coordination difficulty), localization (distribution among muscle groups), diversity . This refers to the impact of this work on the neuromuscular and energy supply systems, but only the totality of motor tasks itself is assessed, and not the impact of their implementation on the performer, that is, regardless of the characteristics of the athlete. By its nature, physical activity can be uniform and variable. It can be variable in power, in rest intervals, in nature, in localization (distribution into muscle groups).

2.Physiological (“internal”) load- characteristics of the load in terms of the effect (occurred, expected), the impact of performing motor tasks on the performer’s body, the effect determined by the nature and magnitude of physiological shifts (changes in the state or function of physiological mechanisms: the accumulation of lactate in the muscles and blood, a decrease CFSM (critical frequency of light flickers), increasing heart rate.

- characteristics of the totality of completed (to be completed) tasks from the point of view of the nature and strength of their impact on the mental mechanisms of the performer, the impact determined by mental shifts: the ability to control attention decreases, its “failures”, errors in reactions, etc. become more frequent.

The science- the highest form of a person’s comprehending relationship to the world as a whole; a social institution and form of activity for obtaining scientific facts, their transformation into a system of knowledge, their translation and application for the development of objective technologies for the subject activity of people; a system of objective, practice-tested social knowledge about the world, its structure, phenomena, their properties, connections, relationships, patterns, conditions and forms of their development, cognition and transformation. As a form of indirect reproduction, transmission and application of rational information coming from the object of study, science is a leading factor in optimizing the processes of production, communication and consumption in any type of subject activity. Scientific technologies accumulate the social experience of generations. Their development, mastery and application are accompanied by the formation of a culture of living conditions and personal culture of both developers and consumers.

Education- a natural, individually occurring process of spontaneous or directed formation of adaptive functional systems of human activity and behavior in the course of production, communication and consumption; social system (and process) of reproduction of the genus (population) “human” within a certain community of people through the transmission and development of culture. Socially organized education is at the same time a process of communication for the exchange of experience in the rational implementation of activities available to humans, a process of consuming a system of knowledge about the object of activity and technologies for its productive development, and a process of producing people needed by society. The main forms of social education—general and vocational—are distinguished by the leading constant in the formation of their content.

Education- a factor (and process) of the directed formation of adaptive functional systems of activity in ontogenesis. It is a form of activity to manage systemogenesis through the transfer and development of a culture of activity and familiarization with science. The result is the formation of skills, abilities and knowledge.

Specialty object space- the scope of its subject-substantive basis, the elements, properties, connections and relationships of which contain the possibility of full or partial implementation of the range of subject interests. In scientific research, the problem field inevitably goes beyond the practically established circle of subject interests, but remains within the boundaries of the object space (if its boundaries are set correctly). Going beyond the boundaries of the object space creates zones of incorrectly posed problems, false solutions, or ideas that need clarification.

Load volume— total completed or projected external impact. The volume of load is expressed in kilometers (running, swimming, rowing, etc.), in tons (working with a barbell), in the total number of exercises (gymnastics, ski jumping, diving and trampolining, etc.), in game hours (sports games), etc.

Body circumference dimensions- perimeters of the chest, neck, thigh, lower leg, shoulder, waist, pelvic area, measured in places specified by the rules according to certain rules.

General developmental exercises (training aids)- exercises or training tools aimed at physical development, development of physical qualities and motor skills that are not decisive for achieving success in a specific sports discipline.

General functional reserve— the excess of a person’s general functional capabilities over the functional demands of motor tasks characteristic of a given sport for athletes of a given level.

An object— that which opposes the subject in his objective-practical and cognitive activity. In research, the object is what is being studied. In pedagogy, the one who is being taught.

Objectivity- a characteristic of an approach, opinion, assessment, based on a biased awareness of reality without the significant influence of the subjective, personal. It is necessary to understand that objectivity is always relative, it cannot be absolute, since it is formed in the consciousness of a particular person or group of people, which already predetermines this or that element of subjectivity.

Objective (th) - a characteristic of an approach, view, definition, assessment, etc., formed with the desire to correctly reflect reality, obtained without significant influence of the subjective, personal (see “Objectivity”),

Volume of sports and technical arsenal (STA)- the total number of exercises that a given athlete can perform satisfactorily. There is a distinction between the training sports-technical arsenal (what one can do in training) and the competitive one (what one uses in competitions) CTA volume. The concept of CTA is productive in relation to sports with a variety of physical activity.

Health-improving physical culture- this is a relatively conventional term that emphasizes the target health-improving orientation of the means and methods of physical culture.

Ontogenesis of motor skills- the process of lifetime development and mastery of motor capabilities. It unfolds in the unity of two sides of ontogenesis (morpho- and systemogenesis) at three levels of its organization - biological, mental and social. Includes:

1) reproduction of hereditarily acquired and created in the course of history motor abilities of the “human” species and 2) formation on their basis of adaptive functional systems of motor activity. It occurs in the same areas as phylogeny.

Ontokinesiology. An independent field of knowledge about the patterns of natural and stimulated age-related development of human motor function, ensuring its implementation of morphological, physiological, biomechanical and other systems that are one way or another involved in it.

Pedagogical control— control carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the pedagogical process.

Pedagogical assessment— assessment pursuing pedagogical (in particular sports-pedagogical) goals. The assessment procedure includes 3 stages (see “Stages (stages) of assessment”). Assessment objectives: 1) determining the level of a specific result or momentary state of the person being assessed; 2) determining the level of the considered characteristics and achievements of any contingent (direct assessment of the contingent as a whole, generalization of assessments of people included in the contingent); 3) forming a rationale for revising or maintaining norms and standards; 4) obtaining information about the dynamics of the characteristics under consideration or the achievements of a person or contingent, which, in particular, allows one to evaluate the training process and the prospects of those being assessed.

Load tolerance— objective and subjective feelings of a person (group of people, contingent) of the possibilities of implementing external environmental influences or the effects of physical exercise.

Transition period— a period of rest after the competitive period before a new cycle, during which the sports form is lost and the prerequisites for creating a new, higher level of fitness are formed.

Forward planning- planning “for the future”, for a long time (say, for the Olympic cycle or for a longer time).

Percentile scale- a scale of accumulated quantities of objects (in percentiles, percentages of their total number), for which the measured characteristic in its value is equal to or less than the value under consideration, or equal to or more than it (depending on the chosen direction of reference). Graphically, this scale is displayed by a curve called “cumulate”, constructed in a rectangular coordinate system: the x-axis is the value of the attribute, and the ordinate axis is the number of percent of study objects (out of the total number) in which the value of this attribute is equal to or less than the corresponding value of the result .

Plan- a brief systematic description of the work planned for a certain period, indicating its goals, content, volume, methods, method of control, deadlines. The plan can be brief, “collapsed”, or quite detailed, “expanded”. By detailing and algorithmizing the plan, we obtain a program. The plan can be recorded on some medium or stored in memory. The plan can be operational, current, stage-by-stage, or long-term. Each of these plan forms corresponds to a control form of the same name. A plan is not needed if there is no control over its implementation.

Load planning- formation of a plan in which it is distributed time by time, what size and direction, with what other characteristics physical activity should be specified.

Sports training planning— formation of a plan (i.e., time-based distribution) of sports training, including functional, technical, tactical, psychological and theoretical training, rest, rehabilitation measures, examinations, control measures, participation in sports camps and competitions, and some other special sections.

Sports fitness planning— formation of an approximate distribution for a certain time period in advance, for certain periods of achieving specific levels

Planning of sports and technical training— formation of an approximate distribution of terms for the maintenance and use of technical training means (see) for a certain time period in advance. This planning must be consistent with functional and tactical training plans.

Planning of sports and technical readiness- planning for a certain period of time the process of formation of sports motor skills and abilities by a specific athlete, group, team by the target dates listed in the plan, as well as the level of perfection of these skills and abilities.

Planning a fragment of competitive activity- the formation of a meaningful idea of ​​a purposeful motor act or some set of them and the determination of time, place and its embeddedness in the activity, the expected result.

Sports and technical training plan- a diagram that in general terms reflects the goals, objectives, focus, content, structure of the upcoming training (educational) process. Formation, drawing up a plan is called planning (see). The plan can be written or recorded on a computer, but it can also simply be stored in memory. The plan, depending on what period is planned, is: a) operational (for 1 or 2-3 meaningfully related training sessions), b) current (for a micro- or mesocycle), c) staged (for a stage), d) long-term (for several years).

Training plan- a plan, that is, a diagram that in general terms reflects the main goals, objectives, focus, content, structure, and sometimes control positions of the upcoming training (educational) process. Drawing up a plan, its formation is called planning.

Plyometric exercises- exercises in which muscles are suddenly loaded and stretched, and then quickly shortened. For example, jump off a bench and quickly jump onto another bench.

Performance- a state of a person that characterizes the level and duration of effort available to him, necessary to perform this or that work and restored by normal rest and sleep. Current performance is a measure of a person’s potential ability (for a fairly long period of time - a week, a month) to perform one or another physical activity, determined by the limiting value of coordinately simple mechanical work, the implementation of which causes certain specified physiological and biochemical changes - or, conversely, the magnitude of the physiological shift as a result of performing a given mechanical work, as well as indirectly - by determining the maximum power of certain physiological mechanisms (for example, MIC). To avoid the distorting influence of technical difficulties, loading exercises are chosen to be simple (running on a treadmill, working on a bicycle ergometer, repeated rhythmic ascent up and down a step - “step test”). Performance does not depend (like endurance) on the volitional qualities, motivation, and technical skills of the athlete. It is determined by objective methods, which is very important. However, it should be kept in mind: these methods are far from ideal, their information content is relative, and different methods sometimes lead to very different performance assessments. Operational performance - a person’s performance at a given moment in time or over the course of just a few hours (if it changes slowly).

Warm-up- a series of exercises that increase blood circulation in preparation for training; or - a set of specially selected physical exercises performed by an athlete in order to prepare the body for the upcoming work. Consists of two parts - general and special:

- general warm-up— a set of exercises performed immediately before the start of the main part of the training session to bring the main functional systems of the body into a state of working readiness;

- special warm-up- used to bring into optimal working condition the muscle (muscle group) that will play the main role in this exercise.

Retardation- delay, delay (usually - sexual development, and as a result - physical). Retardation is the opposite concept of acceleration.

Self-hypnosis- a person’s mental influence on himself, as a result of which he experiences certain mental and somatic states. Self-hypnosis is a method of self-education, the essence of which is mental proof to oneself of the need to implement certain planned actions and deeds. The effectiveness of self-hypnosis depends on the awareness of the need, the vital importance of self-change, and the passionate desire to acquire some positive properties. Belief in the effectiveness of self-hypnosis is of utmost importance.

Self-control- this is a person’s ability to monitor the implementation of the actions planned by the program and adjust it in accordance with the assigned tasks and achievements.

Self-criticism- a method of self-assessment of one’s own shortcomings, their correlation with social and personal requirements for oneself, and not with the state of these same shortcomings in others.

Self-conviction- this is a discussion with oneself, putting forward arguments and counter-arguments, weighing them in order to prove to oneself the truth of a certain position, opinion, correctness of an action, etc. Through self-persuasion, one can rebuild self-awareness, attitude, behavior, and overcome fear.

System. An object is a system if it has three obvious and mandatory signs of systematicity:

— structure (presence of elements, components);

— interconnectedness of structure elements;

- subordination of the organization of all elements to certain goals.

Physical education system- a historically established form of state organization of joint activities of society, specialists and the population in the development, dissemination and development of material and spiritual values ​​of physical education, sports and physical culture. It represents a hierarchically (“from above”) ordered unity of value orientations, resource provision and forms of activity of various social institutions that provide the necessary minimum of opportunities to satisfy human needs for health, performance, motor competence and creative longevity. The main factor in their satisfaction is the culture of motor activity. Of the three special areas of its formation, only physical education reached the level of state organization through public education. Here, for the first time, the need of society for professional education and training of specialists in this profile arose and was realized.

Contents of vocational education- an interconnected set of components of science (system of knowledge) and culture (technology of activity), which are the subject of mastery and serve as a factor in the formation of the abilities and qualities of a specialist’s personality. The directions and specialties of vocational education differ in the subject-target orientation of their content according to the characteristics of the profession (direction of education) and specialty, as well as related fields of science and branches of culture. A system of professional knowledge is an ordered set of scientific and educational disciplines associated with the specific relationships of the subject, object, subject, sphere, conditions, technologies and results of professional activity. Serves as a reflection of the structure and content of the problem field, the range of subject interests and the object space of the direction (specialty) of education. Unlike science, the system of professional knowledge is a conglomerate that has a number of specific objects and subjects of study. They are united into one whole by the major discipline of the specialty through a system of interdisciplinary connections and relationships.

Mechanical force: 1. Mechanical characteristic, a factor causing acceleration and deformation of the body. 2. A measure of the mechanical action of one body on another.

Muscle strength (muscle groups)- the maximum traction force of a muscle (muscle group), which can be developed by it in isometric mode with maximum voluntary effort.

Strength endurance- a measure of endurance in relation to extreme (maximum) or sub-maximum ("near-maximal") loads in intensity - about 95-80% of the maximum (maximum) strength that a given person can develop. The duration of such work is from 3-5 to 30-40 seconds. Strength endurance is mainly determined by anaerobic alactic productivity (the maximum productivity of the anaerobic alactic mechanism of energy production).

Strength exercises- exercises, the main difficulty of which is the need to develop (usually over the course of several seconds one or several times at short intervals, for example when doing a pull-up) maximum or sub-limit (“near-limit”) muscle tension, or relatively small, about 50% of the maximum , but repeatedly at short intervals - in all cases until severe fatigue, preferably until failure. Naturally, these exercises stimulate the development of strength in the corresponding muscles. Strength exercises can be performed in overcoming, holding and yielding modes; working in each of them has its own advantages.

Sport-a historically established form, a specific branch and social institution of development, dissemination and mastery of the culture of motor activity of humans and humanity. It is a condition for the utmost development and maximum mastery of human motor capabilities. The starting point of development is the need for motor skills. By origin, sport is a competitive form of manifestation, development and demonstration of motor capabilities. In terms of subject structure, it is a universal arsenal of the culture of motor activity. By function - a technological thesaurus and a school for the formation of motor skills in accessible types of motor activity.

Sports culture. Until recently, the phenomenon of sports was closely connected with physical culture and was considered as its important component. At the same time, the specificity of this sociocultural phenomenon increasingly declared itself as a self-sufficient sphere of human activity, having its own purpose, not replaced by any other component of universal human culture. The scale of the significance of sport is determined not only, and most likely not so much, by the truly global interest of the entire world community in this area of ​​people’s cultural life. The main universal value of the sports vector of the culture of the population of our planet is that thanks to sports, a system of theoretical and empirical knowledge about the ways, means and methods of purposeful transformation of physicality and spirituality was created. New solutions were found to the problem of increasing its physical, physiological and psychological resources, improving and correcting its morphological characteristics, creating new health-forming and health-saving technologies that provide new opportunities for extending the period of a person’s active life, enriching the content of the processes of upbringing and education of the younger generation.

Sportsmanship- the art of motor activity, embodied in the abilities and properties of a person, which constitutes the content of the sport. An integral qualitative indicator of the level of development and the degree of use of a person’s motor capabilities during competitions; a measure of the reliability and efficiency of technologies for their formation.

It is a form of manifestation of motor skill. The main components are sports effort, sports technique, sports tactics and sports ethics.

As a product of the accumulation and mastery of the culture of motor activity in all spheres of life, motor skill arose before, outside and independently of sports. Involved in its orbit, it became the subject of sports competitions, a condition for sports achievements and a system-forming factor in sports training.

Sports training— the pedagogical process of physical education in relation to the requirements of the chosen sport. Its main sections are physical, sports-technical, tactical and moral-volitional training. In sports improvement, great importance is attached to increasing the level of knowledge of trainees in their chosen sport. Sports training is a specialized process of physical education aimed at achieving high athletic results.

Sports effort- tension in the activity of individual organs, functional systems and the body as a whole, arising during sports competitions in connection with overcoming the difficulties inherent in the sport. It unfolds at three levels of its implementation - physical, cognitive and communicative. Formed during the process of morphogenesis; is the material basis of sportsmanship.

The amount of available sports effort is determined by the functional capacity of the athlete, the amount required is determined by the composition of the difficulties that arose during the competition. The main factor of formation is the development of a culture of motor activity aimed at the development of a person’s bio-, psycho-, and socio-energetic potential.

Sports technique, tactics and ethics— components of motor skills; forms of implementation of available effort in external activity at three levels of its organization (movement, activity, behavior). They are a product of systemogenesis; are formed in the process of sports training.

Main factor- mastering the culture of motor activity, directed outward, to obtain the final effect of spatial movements or mechanical influences during competitions.

Sports training- the process of forming motor skills and preparing for its demonstration in sports competitions to assess the level of sports achievements. It is a form of managing the process of ultimate development and mastery of human motor capabilities within the framework of two aspects of ontogenesis (morpho- and systemogenesis).

Sports competitions- the process and method of demonstrating, comparing and identifying the achieved level of sportsmanship in a competitive environment. Factor of ultimate development and mastery of motor capabilities, mobilization of sports effort, optimization of sports technique, tactics and ethics. Conditions for the formation of sporting achievements.

Sport competitions- a socially organized form of holding sports competitions and endorsement of sports achievements in the conditions of official regulation of the composition of sports activities and methods of assessing skill.

Competitions do not constitute the essence of sport, and sport is not a competitive activity itself, as the domestic theory of sports claims.

Sports achievement- product of sports training and sports competitions; an integral quantitative indicator of the level of sportsmanship demonstrated at sports competitions. It serves as a measure of the condition, level of development and degree of mastery of a person’s motor capabilities. It is recorded in the form of sports results, records, titles, categories, rating indicators, etc.

Qualitatively different abilities characteristic of representatives of various sports, through established standards of sports achievements, become quantitatively comparable in terms of the level of skill demonstrated.

Sports and physical education movement- a form of spontaneous, coming “from below” activity of the broad masses of the population. Incentive reasons - personal or corporate objective interest (health promotion, development of abilities, active recreation, self-affirmation, image, profit, etc.). Reasons - sufficient well-being (amateur sports), the presence of sports talent (professional sports) or specialty (paid services), the spread of physical culture and sports (public organizations), etc.

As it develops, it takes on the form of a social movement organized on the principles of self-government. It acquires its own infrastructure (the Olympic movement) and acquires the features of a special branch of social production (the “Physical Culture and Sports” branch). But, regardless of the nature of the immediate subject interests, this is the area of ​​formation, development, dissemination and mastery of the culture of human motor activity.

Athlete training system- a form of rational organization of his life activity in order to optimize the conditions for the formation of sports achievements. Includes a balanced system of educational and training sessions and sports competitions and a system of components of everyday work and life that is coordinated with it, and in an accessible manner.

Within the framework of the first, specific technologies of sports training are used, in the second - health-improving technologies of physical culture, ensuring the optimization of functional states and maintaining the achieved level of physical condition.

Sports uniform- the state of optimal readiness of the athlete to achieve sports results for the appropriate level of preparedness.

Super compensation(synonyms: super-regeneration, super-recovery, re-recovery)— the state of the body after training loads or other stress, when the level of functioning of the body’s systems slightly exceeds the initial one; is an adaptive response.

Stress (tension)- a condition characterized by a specific set of protective reactions of the body caused by strong exposure to adverse factors. One of the main features of stress is the massive release of the hormone adrenaline, and this is associated with a number of physiological changes. Based on the cause and nature of the condition, physical and mental stress are distinguished.

Stress as a factor in sports physical activity. Stress in its 1st stage mobilizes the body's reserves and therefore allows one to achieve higher competitive results. However, we must not forget that, firstly, in the 2nd stage of stress, motor capabilities are sharply reduced, and secondly, frequent stress wears out the body.

"Stressful" loads- high-intensity loads that cause a state of very severe fatigue. The quotation marks are used due to the fact that the author of the term “stress” (Hans Selye) meant a state of tension as a set of protective physiological reactions to life-threatening debilitating influences; Moreover, one of the defining components of stress is the massive release of the hormone adrenaline into the blood. Sports “stressful” loads rarely cause this condition; the word “stress” is used here more as an emotional-figurative one than strictly descriptive.

Motor stressor- large physical load (difficult physically or mentally), which is a stressor (a factor causing stress).

Technology there is a science about the laws of functioning of any complex system. Educational technology, as a rule, includes three main components: informational, instrumental and social. All three components are interconnected and interdependent: changing the strategy structure of one of them necessarily requires changing the other two. The complexity of the goals facing education makes the educational process itself complex, which can only be successfully implemented within the framework of specially created educational systems. The technology of physical education formation is characterized as a functional system of organizational methods for algorithmic (sequential, step by step) management of educational, cognitive and practical activities of students; as a set of actions, operations and procedures that instrumentally ensure the achievement of a diagnosed and predicted result.

Technology of physical education- a systematically organized complex of pedagogical and psychological influences that ensures the consistent development of the physical and kinesiological potential of a child, teenager, youth, girl, adult and their mastery of the values ​​of physical and sports culture in the interests of forming a harmoniously developed personality of a highly cultured person, a convinced adherent of a healthy, sports lifestyle .

Accurate execution of movements- this is a high degree of compliance of the process of coordination of efforts in space and time with the characteristics of the motor task and the conditions for its implementation.

- the main factor that determines the extent of the impact of physical exercise on the athlete’s body and is characterized by volume and intensity.

Fatigue- a temporary decrease in performance that occurs as a result of muscle work done. This includes: a decrease in work productivity (efficiency), slower movements, a violation of the accuracy, consistency, rhythm of movements, the inclusion of additional muscles in the work, while muscle relaxation worsens, and the coordination in the activities of motor and autonomic functions is disrupted.

Calming exercises (cool down)- a series of light, partly aerobic exercises, as well as stretching, to complete the workout. Cooling down gradually reduces the load on the heart.

Physical education and sports activities- a type of social activity for the development of material and spiritual values ​​of physical culture and sports. It is implemented in the form of physical and sports exercises in order to improve health and develop sporting achievements. The term has become quite widely used, but is unsuitable for nominations: it includes elements of slang and eclecticism.

Physical Culture- this is an area of ​​​​general culture and history of mankind, a social phenomenon that represents a historically determined level of material, spiritual, scientific, theoretical and practical achievements of society, obtained in the process of specific activities of the system of physical education and sports, education and science and integrated into the culture of lifestyle and psychophysical health of society is the broadest concept in its content. This is a social phenomenon that represents a historically determined level of material, spiritual, scientific, theoretical and practical achievements of society, obtained in the process of specific activities of the system of physical education and sports, education and science and integrated into the culture of lifestyle and psychophysical health of society.

Physical activity- a form of biological self-regulation of energy flows that support the life of the body. A condition and method of maintaining homeostasis and maintaining integrity in conditions of interaction with the external environment. Includes the entire set of bioenergetic components of muscle, thermoregulatory, cognitive and communicative activity.

It is implemented at two levels of system organization: 1) the level of spontaneous activity associated with optimizing the relationships between the components of homeostasis; 2) the level of induced activity associated with the energy supply of external activities and regulation of relationships with the environment.

Physical state- an integral form of manifestation of the peculiarities of the flow of physical activity processes that ensure the vital activity and self-preservation of the body in various conditions of kinetic, bioenergetic, thermal, informational and emotional interaction with the environment.

Physical education, sports, physical culture- historically established directions of development, dissemination and mastery of the culture of motor activity. They differ in the specificity of the object and the subject, the special purpose, subject, means and result. Substantial differences are contained in the composition of the elements of the culture of motor activity, which are the subject of development. Each of the areas can be represented by a special specialty and is divided into profile forms: basic (for everyone), professional (for professionals) and adaptive (for the disabled).

Physical education- a form of management of the process of individual human development and a socially organized process of targeted formation of abilities, needs and personality traits through physical exercises as elements of a culture of motor activity. It unfolds in the unity of two sides (physical development and physical education) at three levels of ontogenesis.

Their relationships determine the sequence, structure and content of physical education, which includes:

1) school of movement (education of physical qualities and formation of motor skills);

2) school of activity (development of cognitive qualities and formation of skills to act rationally);

3) school of behavior (education of communicative qualities and formation of aesthetics and ethics of behavior in the process of activity).

The term can be used to nominate specialties 022400 and 033110, since their technologies are identical.

Physical exercise- a universal natural law and a method of individual development of motor skills of living beings and improvement of their functions in ontogenesis. It unfolds in the unity of two sides of the relationship between the body and movement:

1) work builds an organ (morphogenesis); 2) the body builds movement (systemogenesis). It is the starting point, the elementary cell and the main structural unit of the social practice of physical education.

It is implemented in the unity of three aspects of the exercise: the type of composition (means of physical education), the method of repetition (methods) and the effect on the body (goals and objectives).

Physical development- one of the components of morphogenesis. The natural process of development of biological structures and functions of the body under the influence of heredity, living conditions and forms of activity. In humans, it is regulated through the directed development of a culture of physical activity. Modern physical education practice is focused on managing the development of physical qualities. The technology for developing cognitive and communicative qualities has not been developed. Directly formed in the field of sports.

Physical qualities of a person- these are forms of manifestation of autoergy, the ability of a living organism to release the energy accumulated in it and use it for movements and mechanical influences. They differ in the method of energy supply and are assessed by the external effect of motor actions. Characterize the level of capacity of functional systems for energy support of movements.

Physical Education- one of the components of systemogenesis. The natural process of lifetime adaptive formation of functional systems of motor activity and the development of accessible forms of its implementation. In humans, it is regulated in the process of learning movements and the directed development of a culture of motor activity. It is objectified as part of motor, cognitive and communication skills.

In the practice of physical education, physical education comes down to teaching motor actions. The targeted formation of cognitive and communication skills takes place in sports and in some types of professional training.

Physical condition- phase intervals of indicators of physical condition and corresponding norms of motor activity, ensuring the maintenance of homeostasis under given conditions of life and interaction with the external environment.

Physical perfection- a historically determined level of harmonious, complete and comprehensive physical development and physical education, ensuring the normal functioning and sound implementation of the vital functions of the individual. It is a product of mastering the culture of motor activity at the level of its distribution achieved by civilization. The problem of physical perfection as the ultimate goal of physical education in domestic pedagogy is posed incorrectly: the limits of such perfection are still unknown to us and they are not diagnosable, and the conditions for its solution have not yet developed. In addition, the term itself is incorrect: firstly, physical perfection outside the spiritual is unattainable, and, secondly, any perfection as the highest degree (“acme”) of something is impossible without specialization and, therefore, dooms one-sided development.

Physical education is focused on achieving only the norms of physical development and physical education of a person; specialized and extreme development of motor capabilities is the sphere of elite sports.

Physical culture of the individual- this is a socially determined area of ​​a person’s general culture, which is a qualitative, systematic, dynamic state, characterized by a certain level of special education, physical perfection, motivational-value orientation and socio-spiritual values ​​acquired as a result of education and self-education, integrated into activities in the field of physical culture and sports, lifestyle culture, spirituality and psychophysical health. Physical culture of an individual is the achieved level in a person’s physical improvement and the degree of use of acquired motor qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life. The most important indicators of a person’s physical culture are:

Physical fitness— level of development of physical qualities and formed motor skills. There are concepts of general and special physical training. General physical training is a non-specialized process of physical education that creates broad, general prerequisites for success in a wide variety of activities. Special physical training is a specialized type of physical education associated with preparation for the characteristics of any activity. Accordingly, the result of general physical training is denoted by the term “general physical preparedness,” and the result of special physical training is designated by the term “special physical preparedness.”

Physical potential— a complex of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of morphofunctional systems and physical qualities of a person.

Physical development of a person call the process of changing the natural morpho-functional properties of an organism during an individual’s life. Otherwise, the process of changing the forms and functions of the body. External quantitative indicators of physical development include, for example, changes in body weight, height, body circumference, vital capacity of the lungs, etc. Qualitatively, physical development is characterized, first of all, by a significant change in the functional capabilities of the body over the periods and stages of its age development, expressed in changes individual physical qualities and general level of physical performance.

Physical exercise- this relationship of interaction between an organism and its repeatedly repeated movement is a universal, natural law, a universal way of developing living beings and improving their forms and functions in ontogenesis: “the organism (0) builds movement” (N.A. Bernstein) - “work (D) builds an organ” (A. A. Ukhtomsky). Both - through exercise, that is, repetition of movements and reproduction of the relationships associated with them. Logically, any exercise, including physical exercise, is characterized by three points: 1) the type of action-exercise (special); 2) the way they are repeated (universal); 3) effect on the body (single). The final effect directly depends on the nature of the two previous moments of the exercise. But this is not its only determinant (Fig. 2.1).

The final word is with the organism (condition); External conditions for performing exercises also play a significant role. However, from these three points grows the entire wealth of means, methods and goals of physical education, sports training and conditioning physical culture (Fig. 2.1).

Phylogeny of motility- the historical process of accumulation, development, dissemination, mastery and transmission from generation to generation of the culture of motor activity in the unity and mutual transitions of the forms of its existence (infrastructure, technology, abilities and properties). It occurs mainly in three spheres of social life: work, art, education. In the sphere of labor (production), motor activity is aimed at changing and mastering living conditions. Culture is formed as a technology of spatial-objective acts and actions-operators in the system of relations “man-technology-product of labor” (ergonomics). In the field of art (communication), it is addressed to the observer, formed as a technology of art of self-expression and transmission of information through actions-models and actions-operators in the system of relationships “performer-activity-viewer” (ballet). In the field of education (consumption), the subject of activity is the development of the abilities and properties of its subject through actions-operators in the system of relationships “person-activity-personality” (physical culture, physical education and sports).

Functional systems of motor activity- integral central-peripheral formations that are formed on the basis of the integration of existing motor capabilities to obtain component-by-component, intermediate or final results. They are formed intravitally during systemogenesis at three levels of its organization. Based on the specificity of the effect and the composition of the factors for achieving it, we can distinguish functional systems: 1) motivation; 2) programming; 3) communications; 4) management; 5) energy supply; 6) mechanical transmission; 7) working interaction; 8) technical equipment; 9) group integration of active motor actions.

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